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Nephrology in 30 days

Glomerular Filtration Other Glomerular Functions Autoregulation Tubuloglomerular Feedback Neurohumoral Factors Creatinine lothalamate Glomerular Filtration Rate Estimates Cystatin C Additional Reading SECTION I Fluids, Electrolytes and Acid-base Disorders of Sodium Balance Proximal Tubule Thick Ascending Limb of Henle Distal Convoluted Tubule Cortical Collecting Duct Medullary Collecting Duct Hypertension Present, Edema Present Hypertension Present, Edema Absent (Excess Aldosterone or Aldosterone-Like Activity)Hypertension Absent, Edema Present (Decreased Effective Arterial Blood Volume)Approach to the Edematous Patient Treatment of the Edematous Patient Approach to the Patient with Decreased Extracellular Fluid Volume Treatment of the Patient with Decreased Extracellular Fluid Volume Additional Reading Disorders of Water Balance Hypo and Hypernatremia Etiology Signs and Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Etiology Signs and Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Additional Reading Diuretics Proximal Tubule Thick Ascending Limb of the Loop of Henle Distal Convoluted Tubule Cortical Collecting Duct Nephrotic Syndrome Congestive Heart Failure Cirrhosis Hypertension Kidney Disease Intravenous Diuretic Therapy Continuous Diuretic Infusion Combination Diuretic Therapy Cardiovascular Agents Additional Reading Intelligent Use of IV Fluids Additional Reading Disorders of Potassium Homeostasis Proximal Tubule Loop of Henle Distal Nephron Factors Controlling Renal Potassium Excretion Hypokalemia Hyperkalemia Additional Reading Metabolic Acidosis Diabetic Ketoacidosis Starvation Alcoholic Ketoacidosis Lactic Acidosis Renal Failure Toxic Alcohol Ingestions Salicylate Intoxication Pyroglutamic Acidosis Other Intoxications Inborn Errors of Metabolism Gastrointestinal Drainage and Fistulas Urinary Diversion to Bowel Chloride Containing Anion-Exchange Resins CaCl2 or MgCl2 Ingestion Proximal (Type II) Renal Tubular Acidosis Distal (Type I) Renal Tubular Acidosis Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors Potassium-Sparing Diuretics Recovery from Ketoacidosis Dilutional Acidosis Addition of Hydrochloric Acid Parenteral Alimentation Additional Reading Metabolic Alkalosis Net H+ Loss from Extracellular Fluid Net Bicarbonate or Bicarbonate Precursor Addition to Extracellular Fluid Arterial Blood Volume Decrease Chloride Depletion Aldosterone Potassium Depletion Hypercapnia Vomiting and Gastric Drainage Colonic Villous Adenoma Congenital Chloridorrhea Diuretic Therapy Posthypercapnia Poorly Reabsorbable Anions Cystic Fibrosis Alkali Administration Milk-Alkali Syndrome Transfusion of Blood Products Renal Artery Stenosis Primary Aldosteronism Cushing Syndrome Bartter and Gitelman Syndrome Liddle Syndrome Licorice and Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess Profound Potassium Depletion Hypercalcemia (Suppressed Parathyroid Hormone)Poststarvation (Refeeding Alkalosis)Additional Reading Respiratory and Mixed Acid-Base Disturbances SECTION II Mineral Metabolism Disorders of Calcium Homeostasis- Hypo and Hypercalcemia Signs and Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Pathophysiologic Mechanisms Etiology Signs and Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Additional Reading Disorders of Phosphate Homeostasis- Hypo and Hyperphosphatemia Etiology Signs and Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Etiology Signs and Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Additional Reading Disorders of Magnesium Homeostasis- Hypo and Hypermagnesemia Etiology Signs and Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Signs and Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Additional Reading Nephrolithiasis SECTION III Intrinsic Renal Diseases Urinalysis and Urine Microscopy Dipstick Examination of Urine Specific Gravity Urinary pH Urine Protein Urine Blood/Heme Urine Glucose Urine Leukocyte Esterase Urine Nitrite Urine Bile Cellular Elements Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells Epithelial Cells Malignant Cells Decoy Cells Other Cellular Elements Hyaline Casts Red Blood Cell Casts White Blood Cell Casts Epithelial Cell Casts Granular Casts Waxy Casts Broad Casts Fatty Casts Uric Acid Crystals Calcium Oxalate Crystals Calcium Phosphate Crystals Cystine Crystals Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate Crystals Drug-Associated Crystals Sulfosalicylic Acid Test Spot Protein-to-Creatinine Ratio -Hour Urine Collection Isolated Hematuria with Monomorphic Red Blood Cells Hematuria with Dysmorphic Red Blood Cells, Red Blood Cell Casts, and Proteinuria Hematuria with Dysmorphic Red Blood Cells and Pyuria with White Blood Cells Free Tubular Epithelial Cells, Epithelial Cell Casts, and Granular Casts Free White Blood Cells, White Blood Cell Casts, Granular Casts, and Mild Proteinuria Bland Urine Sediment and High-Grade (4+) Proteinuria Additional Reading Acute Kidney Injury Prerenal AKI Intrinsic Renal Acute Kidney Injury Postrenal Acute Kidney Injury Additional Reading Chronic Kidney Disease Defining and Staging Chronic Kidney Disease Glomerular Filtration Rate as an Index of Kidney Function Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease Stages Mechanisms of Chronic Kidney Disease Progression Hypertension and the RAAS Diabetes Mellitus Dietary Protein Hyperlipidemia Dietary Salt Hyperuricemia Smoking Obesity Epidemiology Risk Factors Traditional Risk Factors Factors Modified by Chronic Kidney Disease Chronic Kidney Disease-Related Risk Factors Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Coronary Artery Disease Peripheral Vascular Disease Cerebrovascular Disease Atrial Fibrillation Effects of Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Role of Anemia in Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality Other Benefits of Anemia Correction Effect of Anemia Correction on Kidney Function Effect of Anemia Correction on Blood Pressure Control Therapy of Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease Renal Osteodystrophy Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder and Renal Osteodystrophy Nephrology Referral of Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Components of End-Stage Renal Disease Care Preparation Initiation of Renal Replacement Therapy Additional Reading Glomerular Diseases Minimal Change Disease Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (Focal Sclerosis)Mesangial Proliferative Glomerulonephritis Membranous Glomerulonephritis Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis Diabetes Mellitus Systemic Amyloidosis Monoclonal Immunoglobulin Deposition Diseases Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Postinfectious Glomerulonephritis Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Thrombotic Microangiopathies Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Type 1 Anti-GBM Antibody Disease (Goodpasture Syndrome)Type 2 Immune Complex Diseases Type 3 Pauciimmune Glomerulonephritis Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Wegener Granulomatosis)Classical Polyarteritis Nodosa Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss)Hypersensitivity Vasculitis Henoch-Schonlein Purpura Essential Mixed Cryoglobulinemia (Type II)Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy Alport Syndrome Thin Basement Membrane Disease Additional Reading Tubulointerstitial Diseases Laboratory Findings Diagnosis of Tubulointerstitial Disease Analgesics Lead Nephropathy Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease Sarcoidosis Obstructive Uropathy Sickle Cell Disease Lithium Aristolochic Acid Nephropathy Renal Malacoplakia Hyperoxaluria/Oxalosis Medullary Sponge Kidney Tubulointerstitial Nephritis Uveitis Syndrome Immunoglobulin G4-Related Tubulointerstitial Nephritis Chronic Radiation Nephritis Additional Reading Obstruction of the Genitourinary Tract Normal Bladder Function Symptoms Signs Causes Diagnosis Ultrastructural Molecular Additional Reading Essential Hypertension Confirming the Presence of Hypertension Staging the Severity of Hypertension Assessing the Extent of Hypertensive Damage Ruling Out Secondary Hypertension Identifying Factors That May Alter Therapy Lifestyle Modifications Antihypertensive Drug Therapy How Low Should Blood Pressure Be Lowered?Drug Choice in Uncomplicated Hypertension Drug Choice in Patients with Comorbid Conditions Putting it All Together Additional Reading Secondary Causes of Hypertension Oral Contraceptives Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs Substances Enhancing Sympathetic Activity Licorice Cyclosporine and Tacrolimus Erythropoietin Corticosteroids Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Antagonists Preeclampsia and Eclampsia Chronic and Transient Hypertension of Pregnancy Overview of Hypertension Treatment in Pregnancy Glucocorticoid Remediable Aldosteronism Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess Liddle Syndrome Hypertension Exacerbated by Pregnancy (Geller Syndrome)Pseudohypoaldosteronism Type 2 (Gordon Syndrome)Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Additional Reading Urinary Tract Infection Symptoms and Signs Site of Infection Patient-Specific Factors Pathogen-Specific Factors Laboratory Examination Pregnant Women The Spinal Cord Injury Patient The Diabetic Patient The Transplantation Patient Emphysematous Pyelonephritis Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis Additional Reading

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