Muslim Women at Work: Religious Discourses in Arab Society


A Persistent Participation GapGender Gap in EducationFemale Labor Force ParticipationEducation Participation ParadoxIncome GapWomen in LeadershipGaps Within Arab CountriesConclusionNotesWhat the Qur’an SaysThe Qur’anAnnur: The Light (Verse 30 and Part of Verse 31)Annur: The Light (Second Part of Verse 31)Ahzab—The Combined Forces (Verse 53)After the VeilConclusionNotesThe CriticsWhat’s in a Dress?The VeilThe Veil Feeding Gender InequalityThe Veil: Two-Way DiscriminationThe Veil and HarassmentVeil and IdentityQiwamahConclusionNotesIslamic DiscoursesHistorical ContextVeil as a Face CoverVeil as a HeadscarfIslamic FeminismQiwamahWomen’s Agency and False ConsciousnessReasons for the VeilWho Owns the Public Space?Conflicting FeminismsNotesThe Way ForwardSocial Modernization Did Not Close the Gender GapEducation Is Not Significantly Closing the Gender GapRegulatory Changes Are Not Closing the Gender GapA Quota System Does Not Ensure ParticipationFeminist Action Is Not Closing the GapDoes Global Feminism Help?Colonial FeminismWho Is Responsible?Final WordsNotes
 
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