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Methodology

The process flow diagram (PFD) of methodology is shown in Figure 8.2. The SD model is a good method to deal with the real complex problem. It is a perspective and a set of conceptual tools that enable us to understand the structure and dynamics of complex systems. Also, it deals with nonlinear behaviors of dynamics. To capture the real picture, first a mental model known as a causal and loop diagram (CLD) is drawn. It consists of variables connected by arrows denoting the causal influence among them (Forrester, 1997). There are two types of loop in a CLD: one is the positive feedback loop (self-reinforcing) and the other is the negative feedback loop (self-correcting loop). It is also known as a qualitative part of SD modeling. Stock and flow diagrams (SFD) represent the quantitative part of SD. A CLD emphasizes the feedback structure of a system. An SFD highlights the underlying physical structure of a system. Stock represents the state of the system and flow represents the rate of increase or decrease of the stock (Sterman 2000).

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A broad critique of ranking methodology
Different indicators and weights inevitably produce different outcomes. Holmes (2005) suggests that many of the indicators employed by the Shanghai rankings (ARWU) measure age, size and medical research whilst the THE measures institutional income, with QS providing an opportunity' for universities with...
(The Impact of Higher Education Ranking Systems on Universities)
Selecting appropriate methodology'
The selection of an appropriate methodology' is crucial to any' attempt to capture and summarise the interactions amongst the individual indicators included in a composite measure or a ranking system. Consequently, none of the ranking systems are perfect; each has inadequacies and weaknesses (Anowar...
(The Impact of Higher Education Ranking Systems on Universities)
ARWU methodology
ARWU scores and ranks universities (individually or into bands) by first gathering separate raw data elements for each institution, the raw data values are then scaled and transformed. The indicator scores are combined to produce a total score used to assign a rank or band to the institution (Docampo,...
(The Impact of Higher Education Ranking Systems on Universities)
QS WUR methodology
The QS ranking methodology is often criticised for a lack of methodological transparency (Kaychen, 2013) largely as a result of its reliance on reputational surveys. Despite this criticism QS was one of the first HERS to be ‘audited’ and approved by IREG using the Berlin Principles, one of which...
(The Impact of Higher Education Ranking Systems on Universities)
THE WUR methodology
Similarly to QS, The Times Higher Education (THE) ranking excludes universities which do not teach undergraduates; are highly specialised (teach only a single narrow subject); have published less than 1,000 titles over a five-year period, and not less than 150 in any given year. Universities are also...
(The Impact of Higher Education Ranking Systems on Universities)
Recent amendments to the THE citation indicator methodology
In addition to moving away' from Thomson Reuters, regarding the administration of the Academic Reputation Survey' and attainment of institutional data, THE now draws research publication data from Elsevier’s ‘Scopus’ Database. This The Big Three: broad issues and THE WUR detail 77 change...
(The Impact of Higher Education Ranking Systems on Universities)
Comparison of the Big Three (ARWU, QS WUR, THE WUR) methodologies
Figure 6.1 shows the differences between the individual methodologies of the Big Three international rankings. All three of these systems use a weight-and-sum methodology' (Soh, 2015). Soh (2015) explains that a weight-and-sum methodology is a set of indicators selected to fit the conceptualisation of...
(The Impact of Higher Education Ranking Systems on Universities)
Manipulating the methodologies and ‘gaming’
As soon as you create a ranking system, you also create a whole system for gaming the rankings (Spicer, 2017, para. 7). Universities can choose to employ numerous strategies to improve performance in rankings, some of which will bring about real improvements that benefit students and other stakeholders,...
(The Impact of Higher Education Ranking Systems on Universities)
Methodological and Sociohistorical Overview
Translating Africa Paul F. Bandia Concordia University, Montreal The title of this chapter seems audacious in claiming to speak of translating an entire continent, especially one that is characterised by its imposing multilingualism and multiculturalism revealing the varied ethnoscapes...
(African Perspectives on Literary Translation)
Applying Toury’s Three-Phased Methodology to “Los ” /“Loose ” to “Los’7“Loose”
Toury’s model for DTS remains popular because it provides a framework within which researchers can work to ensure “intersubjectively testable and comparable” studies which are “replicable” (Toury 2012:xiii). His approach consists of three phases and incorporates a description of the product...
(African Perspectives on Literary Translation)