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Disaster Risk Reduction in Indonesia: Progress, Challenges, and Issues

Overview and Rationale of Study Objective of the Book Target Readers About the Contributors Structure of the Book A: Disaster Risk Governance from National to Local Level and Its Integration into Development Sectors B: Roles of Different Actors for DRR C: Emerging Issues in DRR Research and Practice D: Measuring Hazards, Risks and Community Resilience Conclusion References I Disaster Risk Governance from National to Local Level and Its Integration into Development Sectors A Review of Disaster Trend and Disaster Risk Governance in Indonesia: 1900-2015 Introduction The EM-DAT Database Events and Trends of in Indonesia Since 1900 Number of Disaster E-vents Number of People Killed by Disasters Number of People Affected by Disasters Damages and Losses Caused by Disasters Evolution of Institutional Responses to Major Disasters Caused by Natural Hazards Time Period Before 1945: Indonesia Under Dutch Colonialism Time Period After Indonesian Independence 1945-1966 Under President Sukarno Time Period Between 1967 and 1998 Under President Suharto Time Period Between 1998 and 2004: The Reform Era of Three Presidents of Habibie, Wahid and Soekarnoputri Time Period Between 2004 and 2014 Under President Yudhoyono Time Period from 2014 to Now Under President Joko Widodo Conclusion References Toward Integrated and Inclusive Disaster Risk Reduction in Indonesia: Review of Regulatory Frameworks and Institutional Networks Introduction Methods Theory of Collaborative Governance and Network Analysis and Findings DRR Regulatory Framework Analysis of DRR Regulations Analysis of Other Supporting Regulations DRR Institutional Arrangements Analysis of the National Policy-Based Institutional Network Analysis of Local Institutional Framework Results: Need-Gap Analysis and Future Directives for Integrated and Inclusive Disaster Risk Reduction Climate Inclusive DRR (Convergence)Local Government Capacity Community Resilience Conclusion and Practical Recommendations for More Integrated, Locally-Based, Community-Focused DRR References Disaster Risk Reduction in PostDecentralisation Indonesia: Institutional Arrangements and Changes Introduction Theoretical Framework Disasters and Resilience Decentralisation and Planning Disaster Governance and Non-state Actors Decentralisation and Disaster Management in Indonesia Decentralisation Decentralisation Characteristics and Implementation Decentralisation Impacts Transforming Disaster Governance The Evolution of Disaster Management Efforts The New DM Framework Organization Sharing Responsibilities and Authority Financing Mechanisms of the New DM Framework Non-state Actor Participation Development and Spatial Planning and DM Discussion: Weighing the Impacts of Decentralisation and the New DM Framework Clarity Capacity Civil Society Collaboration Conclusions References Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) Capacity and Capability of Local Government in Indonesia Introduction StIRRRD Districts and their Characteristics Conceptual and Practical Underpinnings Indonesian Context for Disaster Risk Reduction and Disaster Risk Management The Role of Local Government in DRR Capacity and Capability Definitions Measuring DRR Capacity and Capability Local Government Self-Assessment Tool for DRR (LG-SAT-DRR)Methodology Analysis of Results Overall Results: Radar Diagram Trends and Average District Scores Results for Each Category Understanding Hazards and Risks Regulations Funding Networking Education and Training Community Development Conclusions References Examining the Adequacy of Legal and Institutional Frameworks of Land and Forest Fire Management from National to Community Levels in Indonesia Introduction Land and Forest Fires Risk Management at the National Level Prevention and Mitigation Phase Legal Frameworks Institutional Frameworks Emergency Response Phase Legal Frameworks Institutional Frameworks Recovery and Rehabilitation Phase Legal Frameworks Institutional Frameworks Land and Forest Fire Risk Management at the Subnational and Community Level: South Sumatera and Central Kalimantan Provinces South Sumatra Provinces Prevention and Mitigation Phase Emergency Response Phase Recovery and Rehabilitation Phase: Government and Community Central Kalimantan Provinces Prevention and Mitigation Phase Emergency Response Phase Recovery and Rehabilitation Phase Conclusion References Disaster Education and School Safety Governance after the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami in Indonesia: From National Policy to Local Implementation Introduction Methodology Literature Review on Disaster Education and School Safety Results Mapping the Regulations and Policies Related to Disaster Education and School Safety in Indonesia: From National to Local Level Reviewing Implementation of Disaster Education and School Safety at the Local Level in Banda Aceh City Conclusion for All-Schools Implementation of Disaster Education and Safe School: Necessary Policy Instrument References Integrating Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation into School Curricula: From National Policy to Local Implementation Introduction Methodology Data Collection Results Identification of Topics Related to DRR and CCA in the Indonesian Lower Education Curriculum Lesson Plan (RPP/Rancangan Rencana Pembelajaran)Teaching Methods Learning Material Learning Assessment Progress and Challenges in Integrating DRR into School Curriculum at the Policy Level Progress Challenges Progress and Potential for Integration at the Implementation Level: Case Study of Chemistry in the High School Level Curriculum in Aceh Recommendations for Integration Support for Teachers Materials for Teaching About DRR and CCA Financial and Policy Support Conclusion References Spatial Planning, Disaster Risk Reduction, and Climate Change Adaptation Integration in Indonesia: Progress, Challenges, and Approach Introduction Methodology SP Processes Related to DRR and CCA in Indonesia: Progress Review Current Strategies to Integrate DRR and CCA into SP in Indonesia Challenges of DRR and CCA Integration in Indonesian SP Potential Integration Approach: A Combined Vulnerability and Risk Assessments into SP Conclusion and Recommendations References II Roles of Different Actors for DRR The Role of Local Government in Post-Disaster Road Reconstruction: Assessment of Factors Affecting Local Government Road Maintenance Capacity Introduction Research Relevance and Rationale Literature Review: Road Maintenance in the Post-disaster Context Research Methodology Data Collection and Analysis Results: Factors Affecting Road Maintenance Capacity Following a Disaster Social Political Factors Local Political Conditions Socio-economic Conditions Conflicts Between Authorities Institutional Factors Financial Capacity Human Resource Capacity Technical Factors Road Design Traffic Loading Control Plant and Equipment Conclusions References Manufacturing Firms’ Adaptations to Floods and Proposal for Integrative Adaptive Regional Development in Jakarta Introduction A Proposed Concept of Integrative Adaptive Regional Development (IARD)Firms’ Decision-Making Under Risk Individual Adaptation Collective Adaptation Integrative Adaptive Regional Development (IARD)Resistance Resilience Transformation Collapse Methodology Governments’ Flood Risk Reduction Strategies in Jakarta Results and Discussion Firms’ Exposure to Floods Firms Main Focus on Individual Adaptation Firms Lack of Engagement in Collective Adaptation Applying the Concept of IARD on Jakarta Firms’ Individual Adaptation Primarily Orientate Towards Resistance and Resilience Firms’ Collective Adaptation Orientate Towards Resistance (with the Danger of Collapse), Resilience and Rarely Towards Signs of Transformation Conclusion References Media and Visual Representation of Disaster Analysis of Merapi Eruption in 2010 Introduction Method Literature Review on Disaster and Media Representations Results and Discussion Merapi Eruption Photographs: A Theme of Representation That Merapi Is Great, and People Are Weak Merapi Is Divine and Sacred People Are Weak Evacuation Process Photographs: Representation of the People in Despair Evacuation Team Photographs: Representation of Capable Government Apparatuses Evacuation Center Photographs: Representation of Powerless People and the Government’s Inadequate Shelter and Aid Management The Powerless Survivor Inadequate Shelter and Aid Management Damages Photographs: Representation of Houses as Most Fundamental Assets to the People Conclusion References The Role and Capacity of Disabled People’s Organisations (DPOs) as Policy Advocates for Disability Inclusive DRR in Indonesia Introduction Disasters and Disability in Indonesia Policy Context Programme Purpose Method Experiential Learning Embedded Monitoring and E-valuation Ensuring Accessibility Inter-sectoral Collaboration Discussion of Findings Raised Awareness on Disability and DRR Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities in DRR Planning and Programming DPOs as Leaders in DRR Initiatives Implications Conclusion References The Role of the Panglima Laot Customary Institution in the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami Recovery in Aceh Introduction The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami The Panglima Laot Methodology The Roles and Effects of the Panglima Laot The Roles and Effects of Key Recovery Actors, and Relationships with the Panglima Laot Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Agency (BRR) of Aceh-Nias Local Governments International and Local NGOs Recovery Successes and Failures: Has Aceh Been Built Back Better?Conclusions References The Role of Faith-Based Organizations (FBOs) as Risk Communicators: Case Study of Bandung, West Java Introduction Review of Literature on Role of FBOs in Disaster Role of FBOs in Disaster Mosques as FBOs (During Normal and Disaster Situations)The SIERA Framework Methodology Data Collection and Analysis Case Study of Bandung City, Indonesia: Mosques as Part of FBOs Results and Findings FBOs ’ Perceptions FBOs Risk Communication Source and Mechanism Conclusion: Implications of FBOs Role in DRR and Risk Communication References The Role of a Women’s Collective in Rebuilding Livelihoods After a Disaster: Case Study of Salam Village, Yogyakarta Introduction Study Aim and Site Methods Evaluating Project Outcomes Through a Sustainable Development Lens Social Dimension Successes: Education, Relationships and Pride Economic Dimension Successes: Infrastructure and Income Environmental Dimension Successes: Limited Waste and Transport Ongoing Challenges: Health, Gender Equality, Equipment, Demand and Competition Conclusion References Science Communication for Disaster Risk Reduction: Role of LIPI Through the COMPRESS Program Introduction Literature Review Disasters and Science in Indonesia: A Brief History Perspectives in Science Communication Reinventing Innovation and Science Communication Science Communication in Relations with Knowledge and Power Method Examining the Role of COMPRESS LIPI: Translating Science to the Public Discussion: The COMPRESS LIPI Program as an Experimental Work in Science Communication Dealing with Collective Issues Co-designing, Rather Than Disseminating Innovation Managing Complexity, Conflict and Unpredictability Becoming a Learning Organization Being Brokers in an Era of Participation Changing Professional Identities Altruism by Chance of Disasters: Not Enough?Conclusion References III Emerging Issues in DRR Research and Practice Ecosystem-Based Disaster Risk Reduction in Indonesia: Unfolding Challenges and Opportunities Introduction An Overview of Eco-DRR Approaches Global Frameworks Benefits and Limitations Benefits Cost Effective Socially and Environmentally Friendly Sustainable Limitations The Limited Extent of Protection Weak Policy and Implementation Eco-DRR Approaches in Indonesia Case Studies in Indonesia Mangrove Coastal Protection Program, Demak, Central Java Ecosystem Based Protection in Kuwaru Beach, Yogyakarta Implications for Future Eco-DRR Measures Challenges Natural-Physical Challenges Exclusion, Inequality and Livelihood Issues Governance Opportunities Hybrid Approaches An Integrated and Embedded Livelihood Generating Strategy Institutionalizing Interaction and Coordination Among Stakeholders Conclusion References Culture and Community Resilience to Flooding: Case Study of the Urban Coastal Community in Jakarta Introduction Conceptual Framework: The Role of Culture in Community Resilience E-volution of the Concept of Resilience to Disasters Aspects of Culture That Shape Progressive Community Resilience Ethnicity: An Intermediary Attribute to Link Culture and Resilience Methods for Empirical Data Collection Case Study of Muara Baru in North of Jakarta Empirical Data Collection Structured Interviews Semi-structured Interviews Focus Group Discussions Data Analysis Results and Discussion Ethnic Background of Respondents Culture and Community Resilience Practices/Behaviors which Influence Coping with Floods Practice/Behaviors and Social Structures which Influence the Ability to Self-Organize Practice/Behaviors and Social Structures which Influence Recovery Processes Beliefs and Values which Influence the Ability to Learn to Adapt Conclusion and Recommendation References Religious Interpretations and Psychological Recovery from the Aceh 2004 Tsunami: The Promise of Heaven, Healing the Trauma Introduction Method Data Collection Data Analysis Literature Review Post Reconstruction Processes in Aceh: From the Point of View of Mental Health Experts The Role of People’s Religious Interpretation Toward a Traumatic Event on the Ability to Recover and Mitigate Disasters Research Findings: Survivors Perspectives and Scholars’ Interpretations Everything That Happened Was Preordained God Will Not Give You More Than You Can Bare, There Is Ease After Hardship Do Not Be Sad, Instead Be Grateful for What You Still Have Remember and Pray to God to Find Peace Died as a Martyr (Shahid) and the Promise of Heaven Conclusion References IV Measuring Hazards, Risks and Community Resilience Flood Risk in Polder Systems in Jakarta Present and Future Analyses Introduction Methodology Estimation of Benefits Estimation of Costs Results Current Situation: Kapuk Muara and Penjaringan Junction Give the Highest Net Benefits Future Situation: Kapuk Poglar and Nine Others Give High Net Benefits Discussion Polders with Very High Net Benefits Are Located Away from the Coastline Policy Implications of Polder Systems in Jakarta Uncertainty and Sensitivity Test Future Research Needs Conclusions References Forest and Land Fires Hazard Level Modeling: Case study of Kapuas, Central Kalimantan Introduction Method Materials and Data Preparation and Data Classification Correlation Between Scoring Classes of Each Variable and Hotspot Weighting Variables Development of Fire Hazard Model and Model Visualization Model Accuracy Test Determining the Distribution of Forest and Land Fires Hazard Level Results and Discussion Relationship Between Fire Activity and Causal Variables Effecting Forest and Land Fires Spatial Model of Forest and Land Fires Hazard Level Distribution of Fire Hazard Level and Its Implementation in the Management of Forest and Land Fires Conclusion References Tsunami Resilient Preparedness Indicators: The Effects of Integrating Religious Teaching and Roles of Religious Leaders Introduction Literature Review Fatalistic Versus Positive View in Islamic Teachings on Disasters Tsunami Resilience Preparedness (TRP) Indicators Risk Communication and Disaster Preparedness Study Method Findings Both the Intervention and Non-intervention Group Treat and Respond to the Leaflets Similarly Increase in Change in Major TRP as Effect of Leaflet Containing Islamic Messages Effect of Intervention Leaflet on TRP in the Intervention Group Conventional Leaflet Also Affect TRP in the Non-intervention Group Comparison Effects of Leaflets on TRP in Intervention and Nonintervention Community Effect of Intervention Leaflet Reinforced by Religious Leader Change of TRP in Sub-group Reinforced by Religion Leader Change of TRP in Sub-group Non-reinforcement Effect of Intervention Leaflet Reinforced by Religious Leader Discussions: TRP Increases When Risk Information Contains Religious Messages and Role of Religious Leader Conclusions References Social Capital and Disaster Preparedness in Indonesia: A Quantitative Assessment Through Binary Logistic Regression Introduction Literature Review and Hypotheses Social Capital Disaster Preparedness Linkage Between Social Capital and Disaster Preparedness Hypotheses Methodology and Data Study Area Binary Logistic Regression Data Results and Discussion Descriptive Analysis of the Population of Study Inference Analysis by Binary Logistic Regression Conclusions and Recommendations References Measuring Community Resilience to Natural Hazards: Case Study of Yogyakarta Province Introduction Methodology Preview of Sleman and Bantul Regency Data Collection Methods Literature Review Disaster Resilience Culture and Resilience Governance and Resilience Spatial Planning and Resilience A Proposal for an Integrated Concept of Community Resilience (ICCR)The ICCR Framework Internal Factor External Factors The ICCR Index Findings and Discussions The ICCR Framework Internal Factors External Factors The ICCR Index Results Conclusion References

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Ecosystem-Based Disaster Risk Reduction in Indonesia: Unfolding Challenges and Opportunities
Annisa Triyanti, Yvonne Walz, Muhammad Aris Marfai, Fabrice Renaud, and Riyanti Djalante Abstract The role of ecosystems has been recently acknowledged within the current global framework for environmental management, disaster risk reduction, climate change adaptation and also sustainable...
(Disaster Risk Reduction in Indonesia: Progress, Challenges, and Issues)
Toward Integrated and Inclusive Disaster Risk Reduction in Indonesia: Review of Regulatory Frameworks and Institutional Networks
Andri N.R. Mardiah, Jon C. Lovett, and Nukila Evanty Abstract Policies and strategies for disaster risk reduction (DRR) in Indonesia have been transformed politically and institutionally. Studies have shown that current progress for DRR in Indonesia has been largely focused at the national...
(Disaster Risk Reduction in Indonesia: Progress, Challenges, and Issues)
Spatial Planning, Disaster Risk Reduction, and Climate Change Adaptation Integration in Indonesia: Progress, Challenges, and Approach
Nurrohman Wijaya, Mizan Bustanul Fuady Bisri, Adiwan Fahlan Aritenang, and Aria Mariany Abstract Spatial planning (SP) is an essential element to reduce disaster risk, especially in rapidly urbanizing countries with high social vulnerability such as Indonesia. While the Indonesian government...
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Disaster Risk Reduction in PostDecentralisation Indonesia: Institutional Arrangements and Changes
Ashok Das and Asrizal Luthfi Abstract Decentralisation has fundamentally changed governance in Indonesia by transferring authority and responsibility from the national to local levels. More recently, disaster management (DM) and disaster risk reduction (DRR) responsibilities have also increasingly...
(Disaster Risk Reduction in Indonesia: Progress, Challenges, and Issues)
Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) Capacity and Capability of Local Government in Indonesia
Esti Anantasari, Michele Daly, Phil Glassey, Emily Grace, Maureen Coomer, and Richard Woods Abstract Local government has a critical role to play in reducing risk for its communities. This has been recognised by the Government of Indonesia which has allocated responsibility for managing...
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Integrating Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in Vanuatu: The Art and Practice of Building Resilience to Hazards
Astrid Vachette This paper1 contributes to the current international discussions on the need to integrate Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) into a comprehensive approach to better, and more sustainably, build resilience to hazards (e.g. Thomalla et al. 2006;...
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A Case for Formal Education in the Technical, Vocational Education and Training (TVET) Sector for Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction in the Pacific Islands Region
Sarah Louise Hemstock, Helene Jacot Des Combes, T. Martin, F.L. Vaike, K. Maitava, L.-A. Buliruarua, V. Satiki, Nixon Kua and T. Marawa The Pacific Region is among the most vulnerable to climate change, while it has done little to contribute to the cause—producing less than 0.03% of...
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A Review of Disaster Trend and Disaster Risk Governance in Indonesia: 1900-2015
Riyanti Djalante and Matthias Garschagen Abstract Indonesia is one of the most disaster-prone countries on the planet, given its high exposure to natural hazards coupled with its high socio-economic vulnerability. The aim of this chapter is to review disaster events and impacts, and assess...
(Disaster Risk Reduction in Indonesia: Progress, Challenges, and Issues)
Results: Need-Gap Analysis and Future Directives for Integrated and Inclusive Disaster Risk Reduction
The findings were derived from two components of collaborative governance theory, the regulatory framework and institutional arrangement as the ‘vehicle’ of governance. From these two components, we had gathered information and found essential findings in Indonesian DRR context. This included: Climate...
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Indonesian Context for Disaster Risk Reduction and Disaster Risk Management
Indonesia is the world’s largest archipelago and its location within the Pacific Ring of Fire makes Indonesia constantly at risk from natural disasters. As well as geophysical hazards (earthquakes, volcanoes and tsunamis) affecting the mountainous and coastal regions, droughts and floods affect an...
(Disaster Risk Reduction in Indonesia: Progress, Challenges, and Issues)