Structure building in the acquisition of German
Table 4.7 summarises the main developmental milestones described and includes examples from L1 and L2 learners quoted previously for further illustration. Note that this rough characterisation of the major developmental steps leaves enough room for individual variation in the progression toward the target grammar which is deemed necessary in view of the evidence gathered, in particular, concerning finite verb placement (at the left or right periphery of the sentence) prior to the availability of the full sentence structure (i.e. the complementiser phrase or CP layer).
Table 4.7: Structure-building in the acquisition of German.*
CP |
Questions |
[L2] |
was what |
hast have |
du you |
hier here |
gemacht? made |
[L1] |
was what |
hol fetch |
ichn I |
jetzt? now |
|||
Embedded clauses (IP final) |
[L2] |
ob whether |
ich I |
der the |
star star |
bin am |
|
[L1] |
ob whether |
ich that |
das I |
kann can |
Table 4.7: continued
IP |
V2 (preverbal nonsubjects) |
[L2] |
das esse ich dir weg that eat I you away |
[L1] |
jetzt hab ich ein spritze now have I a syringe |
||
Verb raising (main verbs) |
[L2] |
du sagst deine manner (...) you tell your men ... |
|
[L1] |
Julia bringt buch Julia brings book |
||
Verb raising (aux/mod) |
[L2] |
ich habe nur de kugelschreiber gebracht I have only the ballpoint-pen brought |
|
[L1] |
ich will ein TROMmel holn I want a drum fetch |
||
VP |
VP headedness |
[L2] |
(L1 Korean) hier jacke ausmachen here jacket off-make |
[L1] |
Julia EIS essen Julia ice-cream eat |
* To illustrate the structure-building process, examples are provided “bottom-up”. With the exception of the L1 Korean example, all other examples are from a learner L2 German with L1 Italian.