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Psychosocial and Individual Level Factors

Psychosocial stress can be a deleterious or demanding condition that taxes or exceeds behavioral resources [37]. Psychosocial life stressors related to race may have negative effects on health outcomes [38, 39]. Compared to Whites, minorities report greater exposure to stressful life events [40, 41]. Many researchers contend this may be due, at least in part, to differences in socioeconomic position [42-44]. Individuals in low socioeconomic position may be more vulnerable to the effects of maladaptive health behaviors such as smoking, physical inactivity, and alcohol consumption. Smoking rates are highest among Native American/Alaska Natives [45] and physical inactivity rates are higher among African Americans and Hispanics/ Latinos relative to Whites [46]. Alcohol consumption in the form of heavy drinking is highest among Native Americans/Alaska Natives and lowest among Asian Americans and African American women [47]. Psychosocial stressors such as perceived discrimination are also more common in minorities than Whites and associated with poorer cardiovascular [48-50] and cognitive health [51]. Many maladaptive behaviors decline with age, yet the effects of health behavior in early-life and midlife may have a cumulative effect on health and well-being in late-life. Moreover, studies of stress physiology show chronic psychosocial stressors activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and sympathetic-adrenal-medullary systems, physiological systems designed to adaptively respond to acute episodes of stress [52]. Chronic activation of these systems, which often occurs with chronic psychosocial stress, is associated with metabolic dysfunction, increased susceptibility to diseases and mortality [53].

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Individual Level (Microlevel) Factors
Factors Existing Prior to Acculturation Several factors existing prior to acculturation exert influences on individual’s crosscultural adaptations. In particular, one’s age has a known relationship to the way acculturation proceeds. Age has been studied as related to foreign students’ academic...
(Chinese International Students’ Stressors and Coping Strategies in the United States)
Individual level change
Individual level changes may take place due to changes in job assignment, transfer of an employee to a different location or the changes in the maturity level of a person which occurs over a passage of time. The general opinion is that change at the individual level will not have significant implication...
(Organizational Behaviour)
The Build-Up of Competence in Art and Skills on an Individual Level
In the early 21st century, we are facing an increasingly complex, chaotic and confusing environment for organizations. The progressively unpredictable market and nonmarket conditions, volatile and ever-changing economic landscape, a complex brew of rapidly advancing technologies and ecological challenges...
(Leadership Learning for the Future)
Individual Level
To a certain degree, analyzing emotions like shame based on TV shows or movies is not different than analyzing a videotaped interview session. Hence, one can analyze the verbal (actual words employed), paraverbal (loudness, pitch, speed, pauses, etc.) and nonverbal level (gestures, stance, facial expressions,...
(New Ways of Studying Emotions in Organizations)
Customer and Individual Level Research
Moving to the top two levels of the value proposition stack, it’s important that the research has a level of granularity that helps you truly understand whole customer and individual issues. Only by knowing this will you be able to develop truly resonant and relevant CVPs. At customer level, we need...
(Value-ology: Aligning sales and marketing to shape and deliver profitable customer value propositions)
Working Critically at an Individual Level
When working with people individually, a psychologist needs to ensure that clients understand the effects of inequality and oppression on their well-being and so issues such as money, housing and access to education need to be central when attempting to understand people’s problems (see power mapping...
(The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Social Psychology)
LESSER OF TWO EVILS IDENTITY JUSTIFICATION AT THE INDIVIDUAL LEVEL
TABLE 2.1. EXPERIMENTAL DE SIGN Condition Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Disagreement Viewed advertisement Reported issue attitudes Received partisan cues (via video format) Party Cues Control Viewed advertisement Reported issue attitudes (no advertisement) Received partisan cues (embedded in ad)...
(Competing motives in the partisan mind : how loyalty and responsiveness shape party identification and democracy)
Personal Level Factors for Resilience
Immigrants and their children must be active agents in coping with their adaptation. They are constantly in contact and navigating between two different cultures (heritage vs. mainstream). They receive two different sets of values and expectation from their colleagues, parents, teachers, peers and media....
(Fostering Resilience Before, During, and After Experiences of Trauma: Insights to Inform Practice Across the Lifetime)
Individual level outputs
A key area of responsibility for any manager is the management of the performance of his/her staff. An essential part of this process is the setting of performance standards and targets for staff. In the workplace the individual is expected to ‘perform’ in a work role defined by employer requirements...
(Learning and Development for a Multigenerational Workforce: Growing Talent Amongst Age Diverse Employees)