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Terrestrial ecosystem research infrastructures : challenges and opportunities

Section I Ecosystem Research Infrastructures. The Need to Address Global Change and Associated Challenges Integrated Experimental Research Infrastructures: A Paradigm Shift to Face an Uncertain World and Innovate for Societal Benefit Introduction Predictive Ecology as a Core Premise for an Integrated Distributed Experimental Infrastructure Prototyping Integration of Experimental Platforms Integrated e-Infrastructure for Efficient Data-Centric Knowledge Acquisition and Dataflow Informatics Data Transformation, Analytics, and Modeling Innovation Capacity, New Market Opportunities, and Strengthen Competitiveness through Distributed Experimental Infrastructure Future Directions in Working Internationally References National Ecological Observatory Network: Beginnings, Programmatic and Scientific Challenges, and Ecological Forecasting Scientific and Programmatic Beginnings Societal Imperatives Hypotheses to Requirements Unrealized Benefits of Requirements The Need and Philosophy of Ecological Forecasting First Challenge Second Challenge Third Challenge Fourth Challenge Fifth Challenge Future Expectations References Field Phenotyping: Concepts and Examples to Quantify Dynamic Plant Traits across Scales in the Field Introduction Concept of Field Phenotyping: From Traits to Sensors and Positioning Systems Relevant Traits Define Sensors for Field Prototyping Measuring Root Traits Measuring Structural Traits Measuring Water Relations Traits Measuring Photosynthesis Traits Sensor Positioning Systems: A Compromise between Temporal and Spatial Resolution Ground-Based Systems UAVs and Unmanned Aircrafts Airplanes and Satellites for Field Phenotyping The Need for Environmental Monitoring Conclusions and Outlook: The Future of Field Phenotyping Acknowledgments Section II A New Generation of Controlled Environment, Field, and Modeling Platforms Advancing Understanding of Hydrological and Biogeochemical Interactions in Evolving Landscapes through Controlled Experimentation at the Landscape Evolution Observatory Introduction Landscape Evolution Observatory: Description and Scope The Landscape Evolution Observatory Integrated and Spatially Discrete Measurements of Hydrological State and Flux Variables Integrated and Spatially Discrete Measurements of Carbon Cycling, Weathering, Photosynthesis, and Respiration Integrated and Spatially Discrete Measurements of Land-Surface Energy Exchange Remote Sensing of Mass and Energy Fluxes Fast, Real-Time Isotope Measurement of Water and Carbon Solution Collection and Analysis Electrical Resistivity Tomography Detection and Monitoring of Microbial Activity Research Foci to Advance Understanding of Interacting Hydrological and Biogeochemical Processes Flow and Transport Studies at Landscape Scales Coupled Hydrological and Geochemical Process Evolution Microbiological and Biogeochemical Evolution of Landscape Conclusions Acknowledgments Quantifying Relationships between Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function with Experiments Why Study Biodiversity-Ecosystem Functioning Relationships?How to Study BEF Relationships in Real Ecosystems?The Basic Design of BEF Experiments and Their Development over Time The Future of BEF Platforms: Challenges for a New Generation of Experiments References Frontiers of Ecosystem Modeling and Large-Scale Experiments Introduction Experiment-Model Integration: Needs,Experiment-Model Integration with Data from Global Change Experiments and Observational Networks Experiment-Model Integration: A Case Study with the SPRUCE Project Infrastructure Challenges in the SPRUCE Experiment Informing Models Using the SPRUCE Experiment Toward an Interactive Experiment-Model Approach Experiment-Model Integration: A Case Study with EDGE Project Coordinated Experiments across Space in the EDGE Project Integrating Experimental Findings and Process-Based Models Challenges and Strategies to Promote Integrated Experiment-Model Approaches Data Set Development Development of High-Fidelity Emulators and Traceability Analysis Infrastructure Development Communications between Experimentalists and Modelers Conclusions References Section III New Tools to Meet New Challenges. Emerging Technologies for Exploring Unknown Ecosystem Processes Large-Scale Sequence-Based Information: Novel Understanding of Ecology and Novel Avenues to Test Ecological Hypotheses Use of Sequence Data in Ecology: An Overview Mass Sequencing: Current and Upcoming Technologies Diversity, Molecular Barcoding, and New Prospects Molecular Barcoding of Plants and Animals Microorganisms and Molecular "Barcoding"Meta-Omics to Assess the Different Dimensions of Diversity Metagenomics Metatranscriptomics Multi-Omics Single-Cell Genomics Linking Diversity to Functions Future Sequencing Technologies: Read Length Matters Metaviromes Sequencing the Epigenome Modeling: Toward "Systems Ecology"?Glossary References Characterization of Biogeochemical Processes at the Microscale: Concepts and Applications of NanoSIMS Introduction SIMS Principle, Technical Requirements, and Limitations Application in Biogeochemistry Main Achievements in Soil Science Thanks to NanoSIMS Analyses Characterization of Microbial Communities Biogeochemical Functioning of Soil Primary Particles and Microaggregates Summary and Outlook Glossary References Climate Warming Experiments: Selecting the Appropriate Technique Introduction Passive Warming Methods Open-Top Chambers Thermal Screens Translocation Geothermal Hot Spots Active Warming Methods Soil Heating Cables Climate-Controlled Chambers Infrared Heating Systems Conclusions References Remote Sensing in the Reflective Spectrum: A Powerful and Applied Technology for Terrestrial Ecosystem Science Introduction Instrumentation and Platforms Landsat Program SPOT Program The NOAA-AVHRR Program VEGETATION Program MODIS Program Sentinel-2 Program High-Spatial-Resolution Satellites Commercial Satellites VENpS Program Hyperspectral Instruments Spectral Indices Broadband Vegetation Indices Narrowband Vegetation Indices The Red-Edge Biological Pigments (Chlorophylls, Carotenoids, and Anthocyanins)Nutrients (Nitrogen, Potassium, and Phosphorus)Broadband Vegetation Water Indices Narrowband Vegetation Water Stress Indices Broadband Abiotic and Other Indices Albedo Soil Organic Matter (Lignin, Cellulose, and Protein)Spectral Analysis Methods Multivariate Analysis Multitemporal Data Processing Phenological Studies Multisource Data Fusion Incorporating Ecological Variables with Remote Sensing Summary References A Blueprint for a Distributed Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Infrastructure Introduction Challenges in Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Implementation and Design Complementary Earth Observation Scaling TERENO Observatory Network in Germany Conclusion References Section IV Data Management and Access Computational Challenges in Global Environmental Research Infrastructures Introduction Characterising Research Infrastructures Requirements for Interoperable Data Services Curation, Cataloguing and Provenance Processing and Optimisation Identification, Discovery and Citation Building Interoperable Computational Infrastructures for Research Reference Modelling Semantic Linking Deploying New Services on e-Infrastructure Conclusions References KOS: Next-Generation Online Data and Information Infrastructure for the Ecological Science Community Introduction Publishing Ecological Data to Support Intelligible Reuse Making Heterogeneous Ecological Data Reuseable Challenges Associated with Publication The ЖКОБ Approach to Support the Intelligible Reuse of Ecological Data Solving the Business and Information Challenges Opting for a Centralized Service Implementing Dynamic Infrastructure Knowledge Transfer Tools Information Model Data Enrichment Data Representation The fiKOS FIXER Language (Instruction, Transform and Enrichment)Facilitating Reuse via the Data Portal Discovery: Data, Metadata and Methods Assessment of Reproducibility Summary and Next Steps References Comprehensive and Coordinated Approach of GEOSS to Ecosystem Challenges Introduction GEO View Mountain Ecosystems Arid Ecosystems (Including Semiarid)Coastal/Marine Ecosystems The European H2020 ECOPOTENTIAL Project GEOSS Information System across Scientific Domains GEOSS Information System Community New GEOSS Information System Strategic Goals and Implementation Plan GEOSS Interoperability Needs and Implementation Approach Brokering Approach The GEOSS Common Infrastructure The GEOSS Web Portal The DAB TheCSR GCI Contribution to the GEOSS Information System GEOSS Information System and the Big Data Challenges Conclusions Glossary References Advancing the Software Systems of Environmental Knowledge Infrastructures Introduction Case Studies Atmospheric New Particle Formation Plant Disease Outbreaks Approaches Challenges Opportunities Conclusion References Section V Infrastructure Integration and Perspectives Australia's Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network: A Network of Networks Approach to Building and Maintaining Continental Ecosystem Research Infrastructures The Need for Large-Scale Scientific Infrastructure in Ecology and Ecosystem Science Designing Research Infrastructure Creation of TERN Benefits of the TERN Approach to Research Infrastructure Challenges of the TERN Infrastructure Approach Disconnected Community and Culture Chronic Underinvestment Short Funding Cycles No Clarity for Ongoing Operational Costs Reliance on Partner Institution Goodwill No Direct Reporting Responsibilities for Subcontracts Overly Ambitious Scope Ability to Distribute Funds for Strategic Priorities Governance Politics of Science Skills Conclusion: A Test of the Network of Networks Approach (the U ber Network)References Community-Driven Efforts for Joint Development of Environmental Research Infrastructures Introduction Challenges in the Earth System Environmental Research Infrastructures Environmental Research Infrastructure Development in Europe ESFRI Roadmap Common Challenges in the European Research Infrastructure Field The Beginnings of Collaboration ENVRI Project (2011-2014)COOPEUS (2012-2015)Strategy of the European Environmental Research Infrastructures Vision of ERIS Document Actions and Suggestions Technological Capital Human Capital Cultural Capital Current Activities (as of 2016)ENVRIplus (2015-2019)ENVRIplus Themes Participation Concept Expected Impact COOP+ (2016-2018)Conclusions and Outlook References Synthesis Centres: Their Relevance to and Importance in the Anthropocene Introduction Analysis and Synthesis Centres Function of Analysis and Synthesis Centres Pioneering Tools for Data Management and Open Science References Role of Long-Term Experiments in Understanding Ecosystem Response to Global Change Introduction Definition of Long-Term Ecological Sites Attributes of Enduring Long-Term Ecological Sites New Directions Conclusion References Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS): An Infrastructure to Monitor the European Greenhouse Gas Balance Introduction: Identify the Challenges ICOS Structure: New Perspectives of Decentralized Research Infrastructure Ecosystem Network Ecosystem Stations Ecosystem Thematic Center Atmospheric Network Atmospheric Stations Atmospheric Thematic Center Ocean Network Ocean Stations Ocean Thematic Center Central Analytical Laboratories Carbon Portal Head Office Challenges, Solutions, and Lessons Learned Cross-Domain Dimension Network Design Agreement on Standards and Methods Legal and Financial Structure References

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A Blueprint for a Distributed Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Infrastructure
Heye Bogena, Harrie-Jan Hendricks Franssen, Carsten Montzka, and Harry Vereecken Abstract Although there is growing awareness that continuous observation of the various terrestrial subsystems (i.e., atmosphere, hydrosphere, pedosphere, biosphere) is essential in improving our understanding of the complex...
(Terrestrial ecosystem research infrastructures : challenges and opportunities)
Ecosystem Research Infrastructures. The Need to Address Global Change and Associated Challenges
Integrated Experimental Research Infrastructures: A Paradigm Shift to Face an Uncertain World and Innovate for Societal Benefit Abad Chabbi, Henry W. Loescher, Mari R. Tye, and David Hudnut The sustainability of our managed and natural environments is critical for the future of...
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Challenges in Terrestrial Ecosystem Research
Up-to-date research networks have mainly focused on specific subsystems, such as land surface, various parts of the atmosphere and the subsurface, and natural ecosystems, without considering their different buffer capacities (e.g., soil nutrient buffer capacity, flood retention zones) and process time...
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Australia's Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network: A Network of Networks Approach to Building and Maintaining Continental Ecosystem Research Infrastructures
Nicole Thurgate, Andrew J. Lowe, and Timothy F. Clancy Abstract The challenges of the Anthropocene require large-scale infrastructure investments to underpin long time scales, multiple spatial scales, and transdisciplinary ecology and ecosystem science. In Australia, the Terrestrial Ecosystem Research...
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Research Methods and Community-Based Participatory Research. Challenges and Opportunities
CARL KENDALL, PHD, ANNIE L. NGUYEN, PHD, MPH, JENNIFER GLICk, PHD, MPH, AND DAVID SEAL, PHD A chapter describing research methods used in community-based participatory research (CBPR) has the difficult task of describing not only the wide range of research methods used in CBPR but also activities not...
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Computational Challenges in Global Environmental Research Infrastructures
Paul Martin, Yin Chen, Alex Hardisty, Keith Jeffery, and Zhiming Zhao Abstract Environmental science research is increasingly dependent on the collection and analysis of large volumes of data gathered via wide-scale deployments of sensors and other observation sources. Meanwhile, researchers are being...
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Common Challenges in the European Research Infrastructure Field
Most infrastructures serve (or intend to serve) a broad community of researchers working in a particular field of research by providing core data and derived data products, and physical, virtual, and/or data access and computational services for the users that have not been previously available to that...
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The use of rapid qualitative research in time-sensitive contexts: challenges and opportunities
Cecilia Vindrola-Padros and Ginger A. Johnson Introduction Whether in reference to infectious disease outbreaks or other types of healthcare contexts related to the routine delivery of care, changing organisational climates and priorities in healthcare require actionable findings at strategic time-points....
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FUTURE RESEARCH CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
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Challenges and Opportunities for Ecological Research in Urban Agroecology
Although a flurry of ecological research has emerged from urban agroecosystems in recent years, several challenges remain in linking biodiversity and species interactions with ecosystem function. These challenges present distinct opportunities for future research. We propose an urban agroecology framework...
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