Index

Note: Page numbers in italic indicate a figure and page numbers in bold indicate a table on the corresponding page.

ability-motivation-opportunity (AMO) framework. 522

absenteeism, 20, 166-167, 180-182,211, 212-214,218. 286. 502

abuse. 26

abusive supervision. 59

action readiness theory, 393

active bullying. 15

affective conflicts, 337-338

Affective Events Theory, 422

aggressive behaviour. 5-6, 11, 15-17, 24, 26-27, 64. 85-86. 124-125. 274-275. 289. 308

American legislation. 639-642 anger, 394,464 anonymity, 410-411,422, 546-547 Anti-discrimination Response Training program.

403

anxiety. 172-173

appraisal theory. 184-186. 395

approach coping. 566 assertiveness, 576 Australian legislation. 631-632 autocratic leadership, 314, 316 avoidance coping. 566 avoiding strategy. 337

Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI). 613-615.614 behavioural analysis, 605-607, 609 behavioural classification method. 65 behavioural experience method. 107-108. 182.

238.241-250. 254, 258,416.419

Belgian legislation, 656. 660

big-five personality framework. 282 black sheep effect, 374 bodily pain. 178

British legislation, 637-639

bullies

number of, 115-117.115-116

organizational status of victims and, 117-121

perpetrator status, 118-121

bullying

behaviours of, 6, 14-17

categories of, 123-127

definition of, 21. 106

duration of, 111-112

frequency in various sectors. 121-122

frequency of, 107-111

gender differences in. 112-115

kinds of, 16

measuring, 107-111

burnout. 173

bystanders

Active/Passive behaviour. 389. 394

characteristics of victim and, 398-401

cognitive appraisals of workplace bullying.

395- 396

Constructive/Destmctive behaviour. 389, 394 cyberbullying and, 412

effects of bullying on, 219-220, 386-387

emotional reaction to workplace bullying, 392-395

empirical studies of responses to workplace bullying, 390-392

health consequences of workplace bullying on. 580-581

influence of organizational climate on behavior of, 401-402

intervention opportunities involving, 402-404

process of responses to workplace bullying, 392-402, „W

research on. 87

response to ‘timecourse’ of workplace bullying,

396- 398

types of behaviours. 389

Canadian Human Rights Act, 364 Canadian legislation, 364, 633-635 cardiovascular disease, 179 categorization, 370-372,377-378 causal direction, 292-293 chronic diseases, 596 coaching, 476,478 coercion, 76

cognitive activation theory of stress (CATS), 187-188. 192, 564

cognitive-behavioural therapy, 597 cognitive conflicts, 337-338 collective agreements, 548-549 collective bargaining, 643-644 collectivist cultures, 439-442,445,448 competitive strategy. 339 complaints, 547 compromising strategy, 337,339 confidentiality. 546-547

confidential non-disclosure agreements, 511-512 conflict

affective conflicts, 337-338 cognitive conflicts, 337-338 counselling, 475-478

definitions of, 26-29,78, 106, 111, 118, 127, 331-336,474

escalation of, 33-35,41, 69-71, 227,272, 283, 286,290, 309,342-344,344, 375,441,459, 464,473, 506

internal, 220

interpersonal conflicts. 30-35, 72, 85, 120, 255, 270-271, 276,289,314, 316,422,459, 522, 525

interventions, 344-352,478

in organizational culture, 81,225.450 peer conflicts, 309, 313 personal conflicts, 26-27 power imbalance and, 18. 339-342 prevention, 466-473,475 processes, 342-352 prolonged, 122

relationship conflicts, 445

role conflict, 13,31, 307, 316-317, 320,422, 463-464, 528-529, 533, 535, 569

role in process of bullying, 24 self-esteem and, 274, 285 shared responsibility, 353 task-related conflicts, 27, 86, 314, 317,337-338 training program, 484

type of conflict issue, 337-338 witnesses of, 251, 386, 397,402

conflict escalation model, 34-36,35,404 conflict management

climate, 225,583-584 conference, 472-473 integrated conflict management system, 466-473,482

leadership practices and, 312-315

model for predicting choice of, 338-339 organizational culture and, 193,533,575 relative status, 338-340

role in stopping workplace bullying, 25

as source of workplace bullying, 29-32

strategies, 27, 337-341, 348,619

styles of, 32,71,276, 286, 341-342

training program, 475,477-478,483, 513 conflict resolution, 340, 344-352,426,463,

506-512

conscientiousness, 288-289

conservation of resource (COR) theory, 218-219,

446, 571

constructive leadership, 313-314

control, 308,318-319

coping strategies

absenteeism, 213-214

appraisal process, 565-567

approach coping, 566

avoidance coping, 566

choice of conflict behaviour, 338-341

in cognitive activation theory of stress, 187 coping as seen from the perspective of target,

567-568

cultural values and. 436,441,444

disengagement coping, 566

emotional response, 423

emotion focused coping, 185, 574-575

engagement coping, 566

health consequences and. 184,272, 566-567, 576-578

impact of individual dispositions, 576-578

power imbalance and, 36

problem focused coping, 185, 566, 574-575

of self- and peer-reported bullies, 278

self-medication, 572-574

sickness absence, 166-167, 180-182,218,

286, 502

sickness presenteeism and, 219

substance (ab)use, 572-574

in Temporal Need-Threat Model of Ostracism, 189-191

transactional perspectives on outcomes, 574-580 transactional stress models. 185-186

used by bully, 578-580

used by bystanders, 580-582

used by targets, 568-572,583-584

w'ork organization, 308, 321

counselling, 475-476,478 coworkers, 340-342

coworker victimization, 76 criminal legislation, 666-668 critical ‘conflicting outcomes’ perspective, 522 culture, 19,33,37,436-437,447 cut-off approach, 245 cyber-aggression, 64, 414 cyberbullying

anonymity. 410-411,422 antecedents, 421 -422 characteristics, 410-413 classification, 416-417 consequences, 420-421, 420 definition of, 410,413 demographic factors, 421-422 empirical evidence on, 416-423 individual factors, 421-422 interventions, 423-426 intrusive nature, 411-412 laws, 426 location. 417 measurement instruments, 416 minimum duration criteria, 417 power imbalance, 412 predictors of, 416 prevalence, 417-419,418 public/private behaviour, 412 related constructs, 413, 414 relational interventions, 425-426 relationship between offline bullying and,

413-416 repetition, 413 sampling, 417 technological interventions, 424-425 theoretical models, 422-423 viral reach, 411

cyber incivility. 414 cyberstalking, 414

D ‘decision-making’ phase, 598,602-604 deontic justice theory, 388,581 dependency, 77-78 depression/depressive symptoms, 170-172, 219, 387, 594

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders (DSM-V), 595

diary studies, 226 ‘Dignity at work’ policy, 504 disability pensioning. 183-184 discrimination

conceptual foundations, 364-369 evidence connecting bullying and, 369-370 group-norms and, 368-369 individual and structural forms of, 366-367 inter-group processes, 372 intra-group processes, 373-375 legal protections against, 364-365 practical solutions for reducing bullying and, 376-377

role in workplace bullying, 363-378 self-categorization and, 370-372 social identity and, 370-372 social identity approach, 376-377 social-psychological perspectives, 370-378 disengagement coping, 566 dispute-related bullying, 33-36,78-79, 335 dispute resolution. 348, 350,352,650 dominating strategy, 337 due process, 546 ‘dysfunctional resistance’, 221, 225

early/disability retirement, 183-184 education sector. 121-123

emotional abuse, 56, 59. 60. 64. 72, 86, 124-127, 638

emotional tyranny, 61 emotion focused coping, 185,566, 574-575 Emotion Reaction Model (ERM), 422-423 empathy measures, 289

Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs), 477 employee mistreatment, 61, 397,403 employment discrimination laws, 641,642-643 engagement coping, 566 envy, 276 escalation

conflict, 41

conflict escalation model, 34-36,35,473 coping strategies, 219,574-580 dispute-related bullying, 33-35, 309 individual antecedents for, 272, 283-284, 286,

290

interventions for. 227, 506-507, 533-534 patterning and, 69-71, 84

processes, 106, 214, 309,312, 321, 334-336, 343-344, 375,459,464, 582, 608

stages of, 341-344,344, 571 ethical leadership, 313 European Union Framework directive on

Occupational Health and Safety (OHS), 656-662,668-669

evolutionary social psychology, 188-191 exclusion, 280

Exit Voice Loyalty Neglect (EVLN) theory, 569,571 expert power, 76-77 ‘expulsion’, 24 external change agent. 480-481

false complaints, 547

financial settlements, 209-211,221, 222-225 flaming. 414

Framework Agreement on Harassment and Violence at Work, 461

French legislation, 635-636

gender differences

" of bullies. 114-115

bullying categories, 125

of victims. 113-114

gender harassment, 32-33, 69, 76, 80-81 generalized workplace abuse, 59,64 genuine complaints. 547

group norms. 289 group-norms, 368-369

harassment

concept of. 5.26

definition of. 58, 662-664

escalation of. 70-71

gender harassment, 32-33,69,76, 80-81 influence of organizational culture on. 80-81 observability of. 20. 26

pattern of, 69-70

'textual harassment'. 426

types of. 7

harm. 13. 17,21-22,57.71-74, 127. 165, 185.

309-310, 332-335, 349-350. 394. 396, 547.
565.628. 640.664-665

Harmful Digital Communications Bill. 426 headache. 178

health problems. 167-179,213-214.218 health services sector, 121-123

Healthy Workplace Bill (HWB). 640 healthy workplace legislation, 640-642 high performance work practices, 523-526 hostile relationships

as discrete event versus a pattern of events, 67-71 measurement and methods of studying, 83-87 hostile workplace behaviours

aggressive behaviour and, 63-64

definitions of. 58-61

duration of exposure. 68-69

escalation of. 69-71

incidence of, 64-67

influence of organizational culture on. 80-83 intentionality, 71-74

norm violation. 62.79-80

patterns of, 69-71

power imbalance and. 62. 74-79

repetition of. 68-69

human resource management

action to combat workplace bullying, 532-534 as actor in dealing with workplace bullying, 502-503,507-509.514. 530-532

as buffer against workplace bullying, 528-529 bullying risk and high performance work practices, 523-526

as cause of workplace bullying. 502-503, 523-528 practices as form of workplace bullying, 526-528 role in organization, 521-523,534-535

humour. 312 incivility

bystander response, 397,400,402-403 concept of, 26

coping strategies, 574-576 cultural, 439-441

cyber incivility, 414

definition of. 12-13,59 escalation of. 70-71. 82, 343 intentionality and. 21.72. 333-335 interventions. 484-485 measuring, 86. 244

selective incivility theory, 375, 378 turnover and, 214

individual consequences

frameworks for understanding. 184-193 qualitative studies on. 164-167 quantitative studies on. 167-184

individualistic cultures, 439-442,445 industry sector. 121-122 inpatient psychotherapy

behavioural analysis, 605-607, 609 chronic diseases, 596 concepts of. 597

diagnosis, 595

evaluation of therapies. 612-618 indication to, 594-597

perspective and motto, 610-612 problem solving approach. 605 process/phases, 598-604

integrated conflict management system (ICMS), 466-473,482

intentionality. 13.21-23,71-74,333-335,375.664 intention to leave. 182-184, 214-216, 219 inter-group processes, 371-373

International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), 595, 597

International Labour Organization (ILO) bullying and harassment policies, 541,630.656 estimates for costs of bullying, 222 reports on workplace discrimination. 364-365 standard setting on occupational violence and harassment at. 651-655

workplace violence initiative. 668-669 interpersonal bullying, 23-24

interpersonal conflicts, 33-35. 72. 85. 120, 255. 270-271,276. 289, 314. 316, 422,459, 522. 525

interpersonal mistreatment. 60

interventions, see also prevention combing individual and organizational, 478 contingency approach, 344-348

contingency model of third-party, 345

cyberbullying, 423-426

de-escalatory sequence, 346-347

evaluation of, 484

external change agent, 480-481

implementation, 481-482

for incivility, 484-485

individual oriented, 475-478

individual-oriented treatment of workplace bullying, 475-478

mediation, 27, 224,272, 346-350,426,466, 469-472, 507,513,533-534

opportunities involving bystanders, 402-404 organizational and workplace level, 463-475 organizational involvement. 344-352 principles in planning and implementing,

479-486

programmes, 221-222

for reducing bullying and discrimination, 376-377 restorative practices, 350 at societal level, 461-463

strategies, 344-345,344

success story, 482-483

sustainability, 483-484

tailoring for needs of organization, 479

top management support, 479-480 intra-group processes, 371, 373-375 investigations

barriers to fair hearing, 557-559

based in law and statutory requirement, 548 conclusion, 555-556

confidentiality and anonymity, 546-547

due process, 546

evidence gathering, 552-555

informed by local policy, 544-545

natural justice, 546

preparation, 551-552

principles governing process, 544-549

procedures for, 541-543

process, 550-557

report. 556-557

responsibilities, 549-550

role of human resource management, 533-534 subjective/objective perspective, 546

supported by collective agreements, 548-549 training program, 510-511

types of complaints, 547

'variability’ debate, 500

Japanese legislation, 636-637 job design, 307-309,655

labour advocacy, 643-644

laissez-faire leadership. 313-314,655 latent class cluster analysis (LCC), 125, 247-248 laws

adoption of international standards, 656-662, 668-669

assessments of, 644-645

Australian legislation, 631-632, 644

British legislation, 644

Canadian legislation, 633-635,644, 663-664 collective bargaining, 643-644 complexity of legal framework, 665-666 criminal legislation, 666-668 employment discrimination laws, 642-643 French legislation, 635-636 healthy workplace legislation,, 640-642 interventions at societal level, 461-463, 628-630

labour advocacy, 643-644 penal legislation, 666-668 policies and, 504

public policy objectives, 628-630 Quebec legislation, 634, 662-664 remedial powers. 664 statutory tort approach, 644-645 Swedish legislation, 644,656-657 timeliness of legal responses, 664-665 transnational and multinational policy-related bodies, 630-631

unfair dismissal, 639

whistleblowing provisions, 643 workplace bullying investigations, 548 leadership practices, 29-32, 81-82, 312-315, 464, 655

legitimate power, 76

Leymann criterion, 108, 245,250, 258

Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terrorization (LIPT), 108,482

litigation, 221,224

malicious complaints. 547 measurement instruments/methods

assessing workplace bullying, 236-238 behavioural experience method, 107-108, 182, 238, 241-250, 254-256, 258,416,419 'best practice’ approach for measuring workplace bullying, 256-358

latent class cluster analysis, 125, 247-248

'Leymann criterion’, 108 methodological issues, 236-258 operational criterion method, 245 organizational risk assessment., 464-466 questionnaires, 12,27, 83, 107-108, 124 self-labelling method, 65, 107-110, 170, 182, 238-241,248-249,252-254, 257-258, 320, 419

of studying hostile relationships, 83-87 mediation, 27,224,272, 346-350,426,466, 469-472,507,513,533-534

Mentors in Violence Program, 403 micropolitical behaviour, 278-281, 312 mobbing, 5-6, 10,40, 106, 111 moral exclusion theory. 280 'mutual gains’ perspective, 522 mutuality. 335

name-calling, 7

National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), 66

natural justice, 546

Negative Acts Questionnaire (NAQ-R), 12,27, 83, ~ 108. 124.246.442.449,465

negative affect. 576 negative behaviours

exposure to, 13, 27-29

frequency of, 11-14

negative communication factors, 123-124 negative emotions, 276

New Zealand Human Rights Act, 364 non-contingent punishment (NCP), 252, 315 norm violation, 62, 79-80

objective bullying, 18-21,37 obliging strategy, 337

observability, 20,26

Occupational Health and Safety Act. 463 operational criterion method, 245 Organizational and Social Work Environment ordinance, 637

organizational bullying, 23-24. 30-32, 37, 39 organizational change, 315-318 organizational climate, 309-312

organizational costs

absenteeism, 20, 166-167, 181-182,212-214 effects on observers/witnesses, 219-220 financial settlements, 209-211,221, 222-225 grievance procedures, 224

intervention programmes, 221-222

litigation, 221,224

loss of public goodwill, 224-225

performance, 224,226

productivity, 217-219,224

reputational damage, 224-225

turnover, 20,26, 80, 82, 182-183,211, 214-217,219-220,223,225-226,477, 579 organizational culture, 32, 37, 39, 56,62, 80-83, 225,271, 281, 309-312,450,464-465,655 organizational risk assessment., 464-466 organizational risk factors

conflict management, 312-315

control. 318-319

job design, 307-309

leadership practices, 312-315

organizational change, 315-318 organizational climate, 309-312 organizational culture. 309-312 power, 318-319 work organization, 307-309 organizational status, 117-118 ostracism, 61-62. 64, 189-191 overachievement, 288-289

passive bullying, 6, 15 paternalistic leadership, 314-315 patterning, 69-71 peer conflicts, 309, 313 penal legislation, 666-668 performance, 224,226,280-281 perpetrators

emotional reactions and actions against, 443-444

micropolitical behaviour, 278-281, 312 organizational costs, 220-221 self-esteem, 274-276,291 social competencies, 277-278, 291 supervisors/managers as, 28, 57,77-78, 126-127, 271, 273, 275,280-281, 284, 288-289, 292,438

witnesses and, 250-252 personal conflicts, 26-27 personality, 282-283,292-293,294, 569, 576 person-related bullying, 15-16, 124 petty tyranny, 32 physical abuse, 7, 10, 16 physical aggression, 15-16 physical consequences, 165-166 physically intimidating bullying (PIB), 442 physical symptoms/physical illness, 178-179 physical violence, 16,63-64, 69-70, 86, 124-125,549,652

policies

anti-bullying policies, 501

assessments of, 644-645

common mistakes in making and delivery, 512 contents of, 505-512 failure, 502

formal resolution. 509-512

healthy workplace legislation, 641-642 human resource management, 502-503 implementation, 535

informal resolution. 506-509 investigations. 544-545, 548 monitoring, 512-513 nature of challenge. 498-501, 541-542 process of setting. 501 -504 public policy objectives, 628-630

reviewing, 512-513

role of, 497-498, 513-514

role of senior management, 503

scope of, 501

sequencing policy setting, 504, 512

types of, 503-504

'variability’ debate, 500

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 172-173,336 power, 17-18,62,74-79, 318-319, 335,

339-342,412

'power interventions’, 404

predatory bullying, 32-33, 78-79 prejudice, 24-25

presenteeism, 181 -182,218-219

prevention, see also interventions

anti-bullying policies, 473-475 individual-oriented primary, 475 laws, 641

legal approaches to, 655-656

at organizational and workplace level, 463-464, 466

overview, 460

role of human resource management, 533-535 taxonomy for the prevention and treatment of

workplace bullying, 458-461

tertiary prevention, 473

private organizations, 121

proactive personality, 576

problem focused coping, 185, 566,574-575

problem solving approach, 605

problem-solving strategy, 337, 339-340 productivity, 217-219,224

Protection from Harassment Act (PHA), 638-639, 644

psychological aggression, 15-16,64, 86

psychological consequences, 165

psychological contract violation (PCV), 571-572 psychological distress reactions, 167-169,

173-174

psychological harassment. 64

psychosomatic consequences, 165

psychotherapy programmes, 476-478

public administration sector, 121-123

public policy, 628-630

punishment, 120,252, 395, 534,558,655

qualitative studies on individual consequences anxiety, 172-173

burnout, 173

depression/depressive symptoms, 170-172

organizational costs, 226

physical and/or somatic impact, 165-166

post-traumatic stress disorder, 172-173

psychological and/or psychosomatic symptoms, 165

results obtained from, 164-167

sickness absence, 166-167

suicidal ideation, 169-170

quantitative studies on individual consequences bodily pain, 178

cardiovascular disease, 179

disability pensioning, 183-184

early/disability retirement, 183-184

headache, 178

intention to leave, 182-184

physical symptoms/physical illness, 174-176,

178- 179

presenteeism, 181-182

psychological distress reactions, 167-169, 173-174

results obtained from, 167-184

salivary cortisol, 176-178

sickness absence, 180-181

sleep problems, 176

social and socioeconomic consequences,

179- 184

turnover, 182-183

Type 2 diabetes, 179

Quebec legislation, 634,662-664 questionnaires, 12, 27, 83, 107-108, 124

receiver operating characteristics curve (ROC), 245-247

referent power, 76-77

relationship conflicts, 445

remedial powers, 664

reputational damage, 224-225

restorative practices, 350

Revised Frustration Aggression Theory, 309 rewards, 76

role ambiguity, 31, 320, 463

role conflict, 13, 31, 307, 316-317, 320,422, 463-464, 528-529, 533, 535,569

role stressors, 10, 30, 120,465, 529, 584

salivary cortisol, 176-178

scapegoating, 7, 36-37

schadenfreude, 394

schema theory, 186

school bullying, 15, 17, 26, 125, 389

selective incivility theory, 375,378

Self-Categorization Theory (SCT), 368, 370-372, 371,377-378

self-efficacy, 576

self-esteem, 274-276,285-288,291

self-labelling method, 65, 107-110, 170, 182, 238-241, 246,248-249,252-254,257-258, 320,416,419

self-medication, 572-574 self-selection, 293-294

sense of coherence (SOC), 576

severe trauma, 24

sexual harassment, 5,7, 19, 55, 69

sickness absence. 166-167, 180-182,218,286, 502

sickness presenteeism (SP), 218-219 situational-congruence model, 577 sleep problems, 176

social anxiety, 576

social categorization, 372,377-378

social competence(ies), 277-278; 285-288

social dominance theory, 288-289

social identity, 370-372, 376

Social Identity Theory' (SIT), 368, 371 social information, 370, 372

‘social interactionist’ perspective, 309 social isolation, 15. 124-126, 177, 214, 314-315, 367

social media, 424

Social Modernization Law, 635

social power, 76-77

social rule approach, 376-377

social services sector, 121-123

social stressors, 10-11, 13,26, 110, 189, 333,464 social trauma, 10

social undermining, 26, 60,64

Society of Human Resource Management (SHRM). 66

somatic consequences. 165-166 stigmatization, 24,40,217 ‘strategic’ bullyin, 81-82 stress, 174-176,273, 308-309 Stressor-Emotion Model. 422 stressors

coping strategies, 564,568-569,572, 581, 584 cyberbullying, 422-423

depression/depressive symptoms and, 594 normal stressors, 186

organizational. 464

organizational change as, 316-317

role stressors, 30, 120,465, 529, 584

social stressors, 10-11, 13,26, 110, 189, 333, 464

threat appraisal of, 73

time pressure, 31

traumatic stressors, 186

work environment, 307, 309, 320-321 subgroups. 293-294

subjective bullying, 18-21, 37 substance (ab)use, 572-574 suicidal ideation, 169-170

supervisors/managers

bystanders’ perceptions of psychological safety from, 401-402

conflict management training, 467^168 ‘dysfunctional resistance’ to, 221,225 organizational status of victims and bullies, 117-119

participation in intervention, 480-482, 484-485

as perpetrators, 28, 57, 77-78, 126-127,271, 273, 275, 280-281, 284,288-289,292,438

role in fueling conflict, 30-31

role in hostile behaviour prevention, 376

social support from, 167

as target of hostile behaviors, 75

use of Employee Assistance Programs, 477

use of psychotherapeutic treatment, 618 Swedish legislation. 637, 656-657

targets, 254-256

task-related conflicts, 27, 86, 314, 317, 337-338 telephones, 426

Temporal Need-Threat Model of Ostracism.

189-191,569-570

text messaging. 426

third parties. 445

‘three-way model’, 30-31

time pressure, 31

trade sector, 121-122

Transactional Model of Stress and Coping, 564 transactional stress models, 185-186, 192, 564, 569-570, 577

transformational leadership, 313

trauma, 186

trolling. 414

turnover, 20,26, 80, 82, 182-183, 211,214-217, 219-220, 223,225-226,477,579

Type 2 diabetes, 179

unfair dismissal, 639

‘variability’ debate, 500

‘verbal aggression’, 124

vexatious complaints, 547

Victimization at Work ordinance, 637

victim precipitation theory, 283, 286

victims

bystanders as ‘victims by proxy’, 387 characteristics of the bystander and, 398-401 claiming victim status, 290-291 conscientiousness, 288-289

construct of, 254-256

group norms, 289

inpatient psychotherapy of, 593-619 overachievement, 288-289

provocative, 283. 289-290

risk factors for becoming, 281-283

salience and outsider position of, 283-284

self-esteem, 285-288, 291

self-selection, 294

social competence, 285-288

social competencies, 291, 293

subgroups, 293-294

vulnerable, 283. 285-288

wellbeing, 444

whistleblowing provisions. 643

witnesses, 20,66-67,81,219-220,226,

237-238,250-252, 349, 352, 385. 552-555, see also bystanders

Work Environment Act, 656-657

work environment hypothesis, 29-32, 305-306, 320,422.464

workers’ compensation. 665 work organization, 307-309 workplace aggression. 58 Workplace Bullying Institute (WBI). 65 workplace cyberaggression. 61 workplace deviance. 58-61. 58. 79 workplace harassment. 61 workplace ostracism. 61 workplace victimization. 25. 60. 64. 77-78 workplace violence. 63-64. 668-669 work-related bullying. 15. 124. 126