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Metal Toxicology Handbook

Role of Metals and Metalloids in Redox Biology Introduction Iron Lead Mercury Cadmium Chromium Manganese Copper Zinc Arsenic Concluding Remarks References Role of Metals in Neurodegeneration Introduction Essential Metals Copper Iron Manganese Zinc Non-Essential Metals Aluminum Arsenic Cadmium Lead Methylmercury Thallium Neurotoxicity Induced by Metal Mixture Metal-Induced Neurotoxicity and Treatment Conclusions and Future Directions References II: Pathology of Metal Toxicity Pathological Manifestations and Mechanisms of Metal Toxicity General Introduction Central and Peripheral Nervous System Introduction Aluminum Arsenic Lead Manganese Mercury Cadmium Immune System Introduction Arsenic Immunosuppression Immunomodulation Cadmium Immunosuppression Immunomodulation Mercury Immunosuppression Immunomodulation Sensitization and Autoimmunity Beryllium Sensitization Nickel Immunosuppression Sensitization Lead Immunosuppression Autoimmunity Reproductive System Introduction Lead Cadmium Vanadium Gallium and Indium Liver Introduction Arsenic Cadmium Copper Iron Kidney Introduction Cadmium Mercury Lead Uranium Summary and Conclusions References An Overview of Heavy Metal Research in Traditional Chinese Medicine Introduction Analytical Methods for Heavy Metal Detection in TCM External and Internal Reasons for Heavy Metal Contamination of TCM International Standards Regarding Heavy Metals and Their Safety Limit in TCM Discussion and Conclusion References III: Mechanisms of Restoring Metabolic Homeostasis Development and Utilization of a Novel Prodosomed-Electrolyte and Phytochemical Formulation Technology to Restore Metabolic Homeostasis Introduction Sources of Dietary Electrolytes Electrolyte Balance and Imbalance: Physiological Consequences Key Physiological Functions of Diverse Electrolytes Nervous System Muscle Functioning Hydration Status pH Homeostasis Constituents for an Ideal Electrolyte Formulation and Its Function Reference Daily Intake (RDI)Conclusion References Gut Microbiome and Heavy Metals Terminology Gut Microbiome and Its Composition Factors Modulating Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis and Eubiosis Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) and Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs)Enterotypes Virome Effects of Heavy Metals on Gut Microbiome Mercury Microbiome Modulation by Mercury Arsenic Perturbation of the Gut Microbiome by Arsenic Influence of Probiotics and Prebiotics on Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis-Induced by Arsenic and Mercury Chromium Chromium and Human Health Effects of Chromium on Gut Microbiome Reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) by Gut Microbiome Cadmium Cadmium and Human Health Effects of Cadmium on Gut Microbiome Lead Lead and Human Health Lead and Gut Microbiome Role of Probiotics in Lead Toxicity Conclusions and Future Perspectives References IV: Radionuclides Toxicity A Review on Radionuclide Toxicity Introduction Basic Concepts about Radionuclides Dosimetry Quantities External and Internal Exposures Radiological Protection for Humans Radiological Protection of the Environment Acknowledgments References V: Benefits of Metals Contribution of Bioavailable Silicon in Human Health Introduction Distribution and Prevalence of Silicon Dietary Sources Dietary Silica Intake Silicon Intake from Plants Beverages Dietary Supplements Non-Dietary Sources Zeolites Silica Nanoparticles and Microparticles Chemical Speciation of Silicon Silicon Chemistry Absorption, Accumulation, and Elimination Silicon and Its Potential Health Benefits Bone Health and Skeletal Development Silicon at the Cellular and Molecular Level Vascular Disease and Atherosclerosis Neurodegenerative Disease Diabetes Wound Healing Toxicology of Silicon and Silica Chemical Forms Contributing to Toxicity Routes of Exposure and Safety Inhalation and Asbestosis Inhalation and Silicosis Ingestion and Effect of Silica on the Intestinal Tract Mechanisms of Toxicity Oxidative Stress Inflammation Summary and Future Direction Abbreviations References Benefits of Trivalent Chromium in Human Nutrition?Introduction Chromium Picolinate and Body Mass Gain Diabetes and Related Conditions Type 2 Diabetes Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)Depression and Related Conditions Pharmacological Effects Toxicity Conclusion References Trivalent Chromium: A Vital Insulin Sensitizer General Background of Trivalent Chromium Role of Insulin Resistance in Many Medical Perturbations Presence of Natural Dietary Supplemental Insulin Sensitizers Focusing on More Facts Concerning Trivalent Chromium Persistent Insulin Resistance, A Hindrance to Optimal Health over Many Years Focusing on Bioavailability of Trivalent Chromium Overview of Use of Chromium in a Variety of Health Disorders Insulin Resistance and Diabetes Type 2 Overweight and Obesity Blood Pressure Regulation Aging References Differential Impact of Organic Vanadium Compounds on Human Health: Deficiency States, Toxic Effects, and Potential Therapeutic Use Introduction Vanadium Metabolism and Intracellular Transport Vanadium Absorption, Distribution, and Elimination Vanadium Toxicity Vanadium as an Insulin Sensitizer Other Biological Actions of Vanadium Conclusion References Vanadium—Speciation Chemistry Can Be Important When Assessing Health Effects on Living Systems Introduction Speciation of Vanadium Mining and Industrial Applications of Vanadium Environmental Presence of Vanadium Therapeutic and Biomedical Developments with Vanadium Compounds Toxicity Studies Assessing Adverse Health Effects Regulation of Vanadium in the Foods and the Environment Conclusion and Future Acknowledgments References VI: Toxic Manifestations by Diverse Heavy Metals and Metalloids Clinical Toxicology of Copper: Source, Toxidrome, Mechanism of Toxicity and Management Introduction History Properties Uses Commercial Medical Sources of Copper Air Soil Water Food and Dietary Supplements Toxic Dose Acute (In Human)Acute (In Animals)Chronic (In Human)Toxicokinetics Absorption Distribution Metabolism Elimination Mechanism of Toxicity Clinical Manifestations Acute Gastrointestinal Cardiovascular Renal Hematological Hepatic Central Nervous System Muscular Respiratory Dermal Systemic Chronic Diagnosis Blood Urine Hair Management Supportive Care Treatment Acute Chronic Conclusion References Cadmium Exposure and Toxicity Introduction Exposure Sources, Limits, and Body Burden Assessment Dietary Sources of Cadmium Use and Misuse of TDS Data Dietary Exposure and the Urinary Cadmium Threshold Other Environmental Guidelines Assessment of Cadmium Exposure and Body Burden Urinary Cadmium as a Body Burden Indicator Ecological and Other Studies Demonstrating the Utility of Urinary Cadmium Sweden The Torres Strait, Australia British Columbia, Canada Summary Cadmium Absorption and Toxicity: The Interplay of Nutrition and Genetics Metallothionein as Cadmium Reservoir Metal Transporters, Carriers, and Receptors Factors Affecting the Cadmium Absorption Rate Dietary Factors Intestinal Metallothionein Metals and Other Elements in the Diet Determinants of Body Burden of Cadmium Low Body Iron Stores The H63D Variant of the HFE Hemochromatosis Gene ZIP8 and ZIP14 Genetic Variants Zinc Intake and Cadmium Toxicity Selenium and Cadmium Toxicity Zinc and Cadmium Toxicity in Ocular Tissues Summary of Dietary, Genetic, and Nutritional Influences of Cadmium Toxicity Renal Toxicity of CADMIUM Entry of Cd into the Circulation Entry of Cd into Tubular Cells Mechanisms of Cd-Induced Cytotoxicity Functional Expressions of Cd-Induced Nephrotoxicity Impaired Reabsorption of Small Filtered Proteins Release of Intracellular Proteins into Glomerular Filtrate Impaired Reabsorption of Substances Co-Transported with Sodium Altered Homeostasis of Zinc and Copper Urinary Excretion of Cd Normalization of Excretion Rates Cd Excretion and Glomerular Filtration Rate Summary of the Renal Toxicity of Cd Skeletal Toxicity of Cd Cd-Induced Osteomalacia Cd-Induced Osteoporosis Summary of the Skeletal Toxicity of Cd Cadmium Exposure, Chronic Kidney Disease, and Mortality Environmental Cadmium Exposure and CKD Data from the United States Data from Other Populations Increased Susceptibility to Renal Cadmium Toxicity in Diabetes Environmental Cadmium Exposure and Mortality The U.S. Experience The Japan Experience Other Populations Summary of Cadmium-Linked CKD and Increased Mortality Risk Cadmium and Hypertension Epidemiologic Studies on Cadmium-Associated Hypertension Studies in the United States and Canada Studies in Asia Summary of Epidemiologic Findings on Cadmium-Related Hypertension The Kidney as the Regulator of Blood Pressure Insights from Cadmium-Induced Hypertension in Experimental Animals Low-Dose, Lifelong Exposure Experiments High-Dose, Short-Term Exposure Experiments Cd-Induced Hypertension and 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acid Summary of Cadmium and Hypertension Other End-Organ Effects and Implications for Risk Assessment Liver and Pancreas Blood Vessels, the Heart, and the Brain Eyes and Ears Immunity and Pituitary-Thyroid Axis Summary of Multiple Toxicity Targets and Implications for Risk Assessment Abbreviations Acknowledgments Appendix References Cobalt Toxicity and Human Health Introduction Cobalt Exposure Effect on Human Health Metal-on-Metal Prosthesis Hip Arthroplasty Oral Prosthetic Cobalt Nanoparticles Potential Impact of Cobalt Nanoparticles on Human Health Conclusion References Cobalt Toxicity Introduction History Cobalt Exposure Environmental Exposure Occupational Exposure Medical Exposure Cobalt Uses Application of Cobalt in Modern Industrial Era Cobalt Role in Biomedical and Healthcare System Cobalt Metabolism Cobalt Pathogenesis Metal Reactivity Metal Allergy Measurement of Cobalt Levels Cobalt Level Measurement in Patients with Metal Hip Implants Cobalt Foe or Friend?Cobalt Deficiency Cobalt Toxicity Cardiac Toxicity Respiratory Toxicity Dermatological Toxicity Neurological Toxicity Endocrine Toxicity Hematological Toxicity Carcinogenic Potential Psychiatric Toxicity Radioactive Toxicity References Iron-Siderophore and Tumorigenesis: Molecular Insight and Therapeutic Targets Introduction Iron Metabolism in Normal Cells Iron and Cancer Iron Uptake in Cancer Iron Storage in Cancer Iron Efflux in Cancer Therapeutic Strategies Based on Iron Deprivation Conclusion Abbreviations References Clinical Toxicology of Iron: Source, Toxidrome, Mechanism of Toxicity, and Management Introduction History Properties (Physical and Chemical)Uses (Commercial and Biological)Sources of Iron Dietary Sources Toxic Dose Toxicokinetics Mechanism of Toxicity Acute Chronic Clinical Manifestations Acute Chronic Diagnosis Management Supportive Care Treatment Conclusion Case Study References Vanadium Toxicity Revisited: Striking the Right Balance between Potential New Generation Therapeutics and Adverse Side Effects Introduction Chemical and Physical Properties of Vanadium Environmental Distribution of Vanadium Air Soil Water Food Physiological Relevance of the Element Portals of Vanadium Entry Through Digestive Tract Through Respiratory Tract Toxicokinetics of Vanadium Absorption Distribution by Body Fluid Interconversion between Various Oxidation States of Vanadium Intracellular Transport of Vanadium Elimination/Excretion Toxic Effects of Vanadium Mutagenic Potential Toxicity Linked to Metabolism Hematological Abnormalities Changes in Respiratory System Cardiovascular Changes Hepatic Changes Renal Changes Immunological Changes Neurological Changes Effect on Reproductive System Therapeutic and Pharmacological Potentials of Vanadium Coping with Vanadium Toxicity: The Challenges for the Future of Vanadium Drugs Acknowledgment Conflict of Interest References The Ubiquitous Lead—Biological Effects, Toxicity, and Management Introduction Blood Lead Levels Absorption, Storage, and Excretion of Lead Biological Effects of Lead Central Nervous System Cardiovascular Disease Other Systems Molecular Mechanisms Leading to Lead Toxicity Management of Lead Toxicity Conclusion References Lead Toxicity: An Overview of Its Pathophysiology and Intervention Strategies Introduction Sources and Routes of Human Exposure General Mechanism of Toxicity Kinetics and Metabolism Clinical Features Effect on the Nervous System Effect on the Hematopoietic System Effect on Renal System Effect on Cardiovascular System Effect on the Reproductive System Effect on Hepatic System Effect on Other Organs Diagnosis Management Strategies Prevention Antioxidants Vitamins Flavonoids Herbal Antioxidants Chelation Therapy Conclusion References Arsenic Toxicity: Source, Mechanism, Global Health Complication, and Possible Way to Defeat Introduction Clinical Utilization of Arsenic Ancient Uses Recent Uses Chemistry of Arsenic Sources of Arsenic Major Arsenic Minerals Rock-Forming Minerals Sedimentary Rocks Soils Contaminated Surficial Deposits The Atmosphere Anthropogenic Sources Clinical Features of Arsenic Acute Poisoning Chronic Poisoning Skin Gastrointestinal System Cardiovascular System Neurological System Respiratory System Malignant Disease Mechanisms of Arsenic Toxicity Prevention, Management, and Subsequent Regulations Conclusion References Clinical Toxicology of Mercury: Source, Toxidrome, Mechanism of Toxicity, and Management Introduction History Properties Uses Sources of Mercury Natural Sources Anthropogenic Sources Sources of Exposure Toxic Dose Toxicity Minimum Lethal Exposure Mechanism of Toxicity Clinical Manifestations Acute (In Human)Chronic (In Human)Chronic (In Animals)Diagnosis Urine Blood Hair Management Supportive Care Treatment Case Study References An Overview of Tungsten Toxicity Introduction Environmental Concentrations and Exposure Environmental Exposure Occupational Exposure Toxicokinetics Inhalation Exposure Oral Exposure Adverse Health Effects Cancer Hard Metal Disease Interaction with Other Metals Conclusions References Boron Toxicity: An Insight on Its Influence on Wheat Growth Introduction B - An Essential Element for Plants Different Roles of B in Plant Metabolism B Uptake and Translocation in Wheat Genetic Variation in Wheat toward B Toxicity Tolerance Physiological and Biochemical Changes in Wheat under B Toxicity Wheat QTLs Involved in B Toxicity Tolerance Wheat Genes Expression: An Important Footstep in B Toxicity Tolerance Conclusion Acknowledgments References Diversity of Mechanisms for Boron Toxicity in Mammals Introduction Toxicity Related to Kinetics Toxicity in Murine Species Toxicity of BCC Used as Drugs in Humans Toxicity Mechanisms and Their Implications References Lithium: Is It Good or Bad for Plant Growth?Introduction Sources of Li Contamination in Agri-Environment Controversial Role of Li in Plant Physiology Positive Effects of Li on Plant Metabolism Toxic Effects of Li on Plant Metabolism Li Toxicity Limits Plant Growth Li Toxicity Reduces Photosynthesis in Plants Li Toxicity Results in Oxidative Damage Li Toxicity Impairs Ionic Homeostasis in Plants Future Research Perspective Conclusion References An Overview of Nickel Toxicity in Plants Essentiality of Ni and Its Role in Plant Growth and Development Introduction Plant Responses under Ni Toxicity Plant Growth and Development Photosynthesis and Photosynthetic Pigments Membrane Permeability and ROS Production Conclusion References Commentary A Treatise on Metal Toxicology References

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