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The Routledge Handbook of Gender and EU Politics

Acknowledgements Abbreviations and acronyms Whose story is it anyway? Studying European integration with a gender lens Some remarks on mainstream history European integration as ‘her- story’ – some missing bits and pieces Structure and idea of this Handbook Note References I Gendering the EU The EU as a gender equality regime: A core research concept A short overview of gender equality in the EU Origins of the “gender regime” approach Conceptualizing the EU as a gender equality regime The EU gender equality regime since the Great Recession Achievements, gaps and future directions Conclusion: dismantling, disintegration or defiance References Europeanization Europeanization through a gender lens: “going soft” vs. meaning contestation De-Europeanization? Gendering Europe in troubled times Europeanization “beyond Europe”, as conflict or “De-Europeanization”Reflecting new trends in the Gender and EU scholarship Towards a common research agenda: gender, the new cleavage of Europe?References Social constructivism Mainstream approaches to social constructivism in European Integration theory Gendering European Integration theory from social constructivist approaches Conclusions Note References Feminist institutionalism From new institutionalism to feminist institutionalism Feminist institutionalism as a response to new institutionalism Central concepts Feminist institutionalism in EU studies Seeing gender when others are blind Agents of change and resistance Formal and informal rules and values Conceptual openness Moving forward Where does this take us?References Feminist political economy and its explanatory promise CPE approaches to EU integration Feminist political economy – conceptualising the economy and identifying gendered impacts Feminist political economy in EU studies Moving forward – key issues References The EU, men and masculinities Research in and on the EU The EU political and policy context Research developments European Commission-funded interventions Gaps and intersections Conclusion: future directions References The EU approach to intersectional discrimination in law Intersectional discrimination, multiple discrimination and intersectionality Intersectional and multiple discrimination in Europe The future of intersectional discrimination in the EU From immutability to stigma The shadow of gender and multiple discrimination Conclusion Notes References II Gendering the EU polity and structures of governance European Parliament Gendering the European Parliament Candidates and MEPs Political groups Committees Additional formal and informal structures European Parliament policies and gender equality Moving forward: research gaps and directions for future research Notes References Gendering the Council system The Council system Gendering mainstream research on the Council system Future perspectives Notes References Gender equality and the European Commission The state of gender equality in the European Commission Gendering EU policies Phase one: fostering equal pay for men and women Phase two: broadening the perspective through gender mainstreaming Phase three: focusing on wider aspects of discrimination and updating earlier gender equality policies Gendering the European Commission The Commission’s agency: between pressure and constraints Conclusion Notes References The European External Action Service Creating the EEAS: a gendered agenda?Understanding the EEAS as an institutional actor: internal dynamics and institutional connections The EEAS and the Commission: partners or competitors?Internal developments in the EEAS The EEAS as a foreign policy actor Researching gender and the EEAS: a call to action Conclusion References The politics of gender in the field of European agencies Agencies as a (new) form of governance in the EU The European Institute for Gender Equality The creation process of EIGE EIGE and the question of the de-politicization of gender expertise Gender vs. diversity? Anti-discrimination and the question of the unification of equality agencies Mainstreaming gender within EU agencies?Europeanization and the transformation of governance through agencies at the national level EU agencies and gender in the context of the crisis and illiberalism Conclusion and directions for future research Note References The Court of Justice of the EU and judicial politics Gendering the CJEU Where do we go from here: future directions Conclusion Notes References III Gendered politics in the EU Enlargement The evolution of the EU’s membership conditionality The broader literature on EU enlargement Scholarship on the impact of EU enlargement on gender equality Directions for future research References Gender and EU citizenship The construction of citizenship The concept of citizenship Political rights and human rights Key issues and debates for EU citizenship Gendering EU citizenship Citizenship rights Citizen participation Third country nationals Recent developments Moving forward: key issues and debates Conclusion References The privilege of (defining) knowledge: Gender differences in political knowledge across Europe Gender gaps in political knowledge: tracing the roots Female unknowing – or knowing differently?The road ahead: challenges to political knowledge research Moving forward References Civil society The EU as civil society promoter Gender advocacy and women’s movements in the EU Professionalization Insider/outsider claim-making Intersectional mobilization Transnational and national civil societies in the EU: upward and downward influences Future challenges for gendered European civil society research Note References Party politics Europarties and European party groups – transnational and powerless?Gendered representation, gender equality policy, and gendered working procedures European Parliament elections and gendered representation EPG positions on gender equality and anti-discrimination Conclusion Notes References IV Gender equality and EU policies Social and employment policy Social and employment policy: ambiguous, subordinate and contested The early years: uneven legislative activism The 1990s: broadening and softening The unrealised potential of gender mainstreaming Feminist scholarship: identifying and theorising the ‘bottlenecks’ and gaps Conclusion References Economic and monetary union EMU idea and history Institutions and mechanisms for economic coordination Reaction to the crisis since 2008: new economic governance Impacts of the new economic governance at member state level Gendering EMU Moving forward: key issues References Trade policy Background and bias of trade policy in the EU Key issues in trade policy and gender Gender in EU trade policy Social rights and the implicitness of gender in EU trade policy Towards explicit inclusion of gender in international trade negotiations Gender chapters in preferential trade agreements Conclusion Notes References Development policy EU development policy and its scholarship Gender in EU development policy Scholarship on gender and development Research gaps in gender and EU development studies Conclusion and directions for future research References Gender and EU climate policy EU climate policy Mainstream studies of EU climate policy Gender and climate change Gender and climate change in EU policy Conclusion References Research policy Evolution of EU RTD and gender equality in it From industrial competitiveness to a broader policy framework Gender equality in EU research policy: losing the consensus?Critical scholarship about EU research policy Conditions for sustainability of gender equality policy and areas for future research Stability of gender equality as a strategic priority Policy monitoring and evaluation Institutional capacity Stakeholder mobilisation Cooperation between femocrats at the EU and member state level and external supporters Notes References Security and defence policy Mainstream perspectives on the development of EU security and defence policy Gendered institutions, policies and discourses in CSDP Gendered institutions in CSDP Gendered discourses and policies in CSDP Research gaps and directions for future research: centring EU militarism and studying security abroad Notes References Migration and asylum policy Attitudes towards migration and asylum in the EU Migration policies and gender The genderedness of selected migration types and policies Gendering migration: key actors and instruments Asylum policies and gender International and European entanglements Varying attention to gender in EU asylum policies Conclusion References Violence against women and gender-based violence EU action on the issue of violence against women Sexual harassment Trafficking in women Violence against women and domestic violence Combatting violence against women in EU external actions Gender research and feminist engagement with the topic Moving forward: key issues Notes References V A gender lens on key issues and debates The populist challenge to gender equality Reframing populism in mainstream and gender literature Reframing populism through the gender lens Overview of research on gender and populism in the EU and its member states Moving forward: future challenges for gender research and politics Concluding reflections Notes References Economic crisis and the politics of austerity Mainstream approaches to the economic crisis and austerity Gender approaches and their contributions Conclusion References The gender story of Brexit: From under-representation of women to marginalisation of equality Referendum: representing women’s interests?Interregnum – May’s leadership years Negotiations Through the looking glass Conclusions Notes References

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