Society – Water – Technology

I Context and Objectives Ecological Challenges, Social and Economic Opportunities: The Multiple Facets of Major Water Engineering Projects Interdisciplinary Research on Water Resources The Interdisciplinary Research Tradition of the BerlinBrandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities Aims and Working Structure of the Interdisciplinary Research Group Society – Water – Technology Acknowledgements Members of the Interdisciplinary Research Group Society – Water – Technology Water Ethics – Orientation for Water Conflicts as Part of Interand Transdisciplinary Deliberation Objectives and Approach The Value of Water in Different Cultures Judaism, Christianity, and Islam Western Modernity The Need for Water Ethics Beyond Value Assignment Water Ethics Review of the Literature on Water Ethics Subjects of Water Ethics Substantial and Procedural Aspects of Water Ethics Cultural and Social Preconditions of the Ethical Discourse Water Conflicts Water Ethics and Specific Water Conflicts References II Major Water Engineering Projects – Challenges, Problems, Opportunities Major Water Engineering Projects: Definitions, Framework Conditions, Systemic Effects Definition of Major Water Engineering Projects – A Proposal Water Technologies – Uses and Functions Water Storage Water Distribution Water Use Principles, Trends and Framework Conditions of Major Water Engineering Projects An Evaluation Framework of MWEPs References A Global View on Future Major Water Engineering Projects Introduction Major Engineering Projects in the Water Sector Interbasin Water-Transfer Projects Navigable Waterways Hydropower Mega Dams Large-Scale Restoration Projects Discussion References Neglected Values of Major Water Engineering Projects: Ecosystem Services, Social Impacts, and Economic Valuation Controversial Discussions About Benefits and Costs of Major Water Engineering Projects The Emergence of Major Water Engineering Projects Worldwide: Large Dams on the Advance Making Ecosystem Services and Distributional Concerns Visible and Incorporating Them into Decision Making The Concept of Total Economic Value Ecological Trade-Offs Social Conflicts Potential and Limits of Economic Analysis Concluding Remarks References Water Governance: A Systemic Approach Introduction System Theory Revisited The Governance Approach Dealing with Complexity References Research in Two Case Studies: Irrigation and Land Use in the Fergana Valley and Water Management in the Lower Jordan Valley Selection of the Case Studies: A Wide Spectrum of Socio-Economic and Ecological Framework Conditions The Fergana Valley The Lower Jordan River Basin and the Red Sea–Dead Sea Conveyance Project Significance and Exemplary Importance of the Case Studies References III The Fergana Valley – Uzbekistan's Hydro-Agricultural System Between Inertia and Change Between Multiple Transformations and Systemic Path Dependencies Post-Soviet Transformation as a Multi-dimensional, Long-Term Process Transformation and Path Dependencies in Fergana Valley's Post-Soviet Agriculture Transformation and Path Dependencies in Fergana Valley's Post-Soviet Irrigation System Researching the Fergana Valley: Tasks and Topics References From Upscaling to Rescaling: Transforming the Fergana Basin from Tsarist Irrigation to Water Management for an Independent Uzbekistan Introduction Salient Features of Fergana's Irrigation System Historical Setting of Tsarist Plans to Utilise Central Asian Water Resources to Large-Scale Soviet Irrigation in the Fergana Valley Geographical Rescaling After Independence Persistence and Change Within Uzbekistan's Water Management References Irrigation Infrastructure in Fergana Today: Ecological Implications – Economic Necessities Introduction General Overview of Fergana Valley Geography (Geomorphological Structure)Climate Demography Land Use and Agricultural Production Water Resources Management in the Fergana Valley Hydrological Characteristics Irrigation Network Collector-Drainage Network Management Structures Agricultural Water Use Ecological Impact of Water Management and Irrigation Practices Economical Necessities to Maintain Irrigation Infrastructures Water Productivity Conclusions References Where Water Meets Agriculture: The Ambivalent Role of Water Users Associations WUAs in the Global Discourse on Integrated Water Resources Management WUAs as Building Blocks of Irrigation Management in the Fergana Valley Early Origins of WUAs Organisational Structure of WUAs Spatial Reform of WUAs Current Status of WUAs Fergana Valley's WUAs in Practice Practices of Representation Practices of Leadership Practices of Regulation Practices of Education WUAs as Models for Emulation?References Theory, the Market and the State: Agricultural Reforms in Post Socialist Uzbekistan Between Economic Incentives and Institutional Obstacles Introduction: The Need to Price Water Resources in the Fergana Valley Some Economics of Water Pricing What Are the Full Costs of Water and Its Services?Who Should Bear the Full Costs of Water Services?Political and Institutional Obstacles Protection of the Agricultural Sector No Freedom for Individual Choice Lack of Clearly Defined Water Rights and Unclear Role of Water Users Associations Concluding Remarks References IV The Lower Jordan Valley – The Red Sea-Dead Sea onveyance Project and Its Complex History Water Resources, Cooperation and Power Asymmetries in the Water Management of the Lower Jordan Valley: The Situation Today and the Path that Has Led There Water Resources of the Lower Jordan Basin Water Uses and Water Abstractions Water Balance Environmental Consequences of Current Water Uses Climate and Demography Proposed Strategies History of Water Conflicts, Cooperation and Treaties The Johnston Plan The Agreement Concerning the Utilisation of the Yarmuk Waters The Peace Treaty Between Israel and Jordan The Oslo II Agreement The Red Sea–Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Programme The Water Swap Memorandum of Understanding Conclusions References Reclaiming the Dead Sea: Alternatives for Action Introduction Water Scarcity in the Jordan River Basin Water Conveyance from the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea Red Sea–Dead Sea Water Conveyance Mediterranean Sea–Dead Sea Water Conveyance Southern Route (Ashkelon → Qumran)Northern Route (Atlit → Naharayim-Bakura → Dead Sea)Dead Sea Reclamation Based on Recycled Water How to Cover the Cost of Dead Sea Reclamation?Concluding Comments References Jordan's Shadow State and Water Management: Prospects for Water Security Will Depend on Politics and Regional Cooperation Defining the Problem Demand Exceeds Supply Unpredictable Transboundary Flows Governance Shortcomings The Shadow State The Politics of Co-option Politics of Water Proposed Actions Building Water Security Through Political Reforms National and Regional Solutions Conclusion References Technologies, Incentives and Cost Recovery: Is There an Israeli Role Model?Introduction The Evolution of Israel's Water and Agrarian Policy Reform of the Water Management Institutions Desalination Extension of Wastewater Treatment Plants Economic Instruments and Incentives Awareness-Raising Measures Discussion of Water Management Impacts Can Israel Serve as a Role Model? 10 Lessons to Be Learnt References V Outlook and Options for Action Lessons Learnt, Open Research Questions and Recommendations Introduction The Fergana Valley The Lower Jordan Basin Cross-Analysis of the Case Studies Strengthening International Coordination and Cooperation Around WEPs Enhancing Planning Processes and Evaluation Tools for MWEPs Improving Responsiveness and Responsibility MWEPs as Coupled Technical-Social-Environmental Systems Concluding Remarks References