Navier equations

By substituting Eqs. (5.2), (5.5) and (5.7) into the stress equilibrium equation as shown in Eq. (2.5), we can get the following:

By simplifying the equation above, we get this:

The following equation is obtained after expansion and rearrangement of the equation above:

Simplify the equation above by factorise it with common terms yields the following:

In Eq. (2.45), hydrostatic strain can be obtained by replacing the stress components with corresponding strain components:

By applying the relationships in Eqs. (3.2), (3.3), (3.4) to equation above yields the follows:

Equation below is obtained by substituting the equation above to Eq. (5.8): Laplace operation is defined as follows:

Э“м В ~u B~u

^-4 + ^4 + ^4 can be described using V²u, and thus Eq. (5.9) can be simplified and written as:

By substituting Eq. (4.90) into the term A + G, we can get:

By substituting the relationship above into Eq. (5.10) leads to the follows:

Similar expressions can be written for у and z directions:

Eqs. (5.11), (5.12) and (5.13) are known as Navier equations for each axis.

Beltami-Michell stress compatibility equations

Under plane stress condition, g- = x_yz = r_xz = 0. Eq. (4.80) will be written as follows:

Similarly, Eq. (4.81) will be written as below:

From Eq. (4.94), т_ху can be expressed as follows:

By expressing y_u in term of r_vv yields the following equation:

Equation below is obtained by substituting the relationships in Eqs. (5.14), (5.15) and (5.16) into Eq. (3.20):

Remove the common term - from both sides gives us the follows:

e °

By expanding the equation above leads to this:

Under plane stress condition, Eqs. (2.5) and (2.6) are written as follow:

Differentiate the terms in Eq. (5.18) with respect to Л' and we obtain this:

Also, differentiate the terms in Eq. (5.19) with respect to у yields the following equation: By adding Eqs. (5.20) to (5.21), and noting that r_vv = %, gives the following result: By rearranging the equation above the following is obtained:

By substituting Eq. (5.22) into Eq. (5.17) yields the follows:

Equation below is obtained through expansion of equation above:

Eliminating the common terms on both sides yields the follows:

Rearrange the equation above and we get:

Through simplification of equation above, the following is obtained:

Further simplifying the equation above by introducing Laplace operator yields this:

Eq. (5.23) is the Beltrami-Michell stress compatibility equation for plane stress condition. Under the special case where body forces (f_x and/,.) are constant or zero, Eq. (5.23) will be reduced to:

Under plane strain condition, e_: = y_v. = y_X7 = 0, and a_z * 0. Eq. (4.82) will be written as follows:

Express the equation above with a_: in terms of other parameters gives us the following:

By substituting Eq. (5.24) into Eq. (4.80) produces the following:

Simplify the equation above yields the following:

Similarly, for у-axis, its normal strain can be written as:

The following results through substitution of Eqs. (5.25), (5.26) and (5.16) into Eq. (3.20):

After removal of common term - from both sides, we get:

Expansion of equation above provides us the following equation:

After rearranging the equation above, the following is obtained:

Eliminating the term (1 + v) from both sides yields the following:

By substituting Eq. (5.22) into the equation above we can get:

Expanding and rearranging the equation above gives us the following: Simplification of the equation above results in this:

Further simplifying the equation above by introducing Laplace operator yields the following:

Eq. (5.27) is the Beltrami-Michell stress compatibility equation for plane strain condition. Under the special case where body forces (f_x and/,.) are constant or zero, Eq. (5.27) will be reduced to:

Airy stress function

When at rest, a body possesses potential energy, say xp. Body force can thus be expressed in term of such potential energy:

Also, the stress component can be expressed in term of stress function. For a 2-D scenario,