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Operational Code Analysis and Foreign Policy Roles: Crossing Simon`s Bridge

Preface List of Contributors I Beliefs and Roles in World Politics The Interface between Beliefs and Roles in World Politics The Development of Foreign Policy Roles Beliefs and Complex Adaptive Systems II The Operational Codes of World Leaders Revisiting the Operational Code of Vladimir Putin Deciphering Deadly Minds in Their Native Language The Operational Codes and Formation Patterns of Militant Organizations in the Middle East and North Africa Operational Code Analysis and Civil Conflict Severity Policy Documents and the Beliefs of Foreign Policy Decision-Makers A Next Step in Operational Code Analysis One Step Forward, Two Steps Back The Steering Effects of Operational Code Beliefs in the Chilean-Bolivian Rivalry III The Psychological Characteristics of US Presidents Psychological Correlates and US Conflict Behavior The PsyCL Data Set The Psychological Characteristics of Leaders (PsvCL) Data Set Descriptive Data and Anecdotal Applications of PsyCL MID Initiation Findings MID Hostility Findings Conclusion and Discussion Notes References Operational Code Beliefs and Threat Perceptions by US Presidents Profiling Leaders: Leadership Trait Analysis and Operational Code Results Conclusion References Presidential Personalities and Operational Codes Learning Effects and Midterm Congressional Election Results US Presidential Belief Systems and the Evolution of Peace in the International System Binary Role Theory and the Evolution of Cooperation in World Politics Strategic Interaction Games as Complex Adaptive Systems International Order Transition Modeling International Order Transition Leadership and International Order Transition Conclusion: Agents as Role Models for International Order Transition Notes References Binary Role Theory and the Operational Code Analysis of Grand Strategies Can Balancing Work?Operational Code Analysis A Method for Measuring Strategic Culture Strategic Culture Operational Code Analysis Measuring Strategic Cultures The Strategic Culture of the United States The Strategic Culture of Iran Conclusion References An Operational Code Analysis of Foreign Policy Roles in US-Iran Strategic Dyads Cognitive and Social Operational Codes Turning Points in US-Iran Relations: Three Crucial Historical Episodes Turning Points in US-Iran Relations: An Operational Code Analysis The First Crucial Historical Episode: The Oil Nationalization Crisis (1950-1953)The Second Crucial Historical Episode: The Revolution and Hostage Crisis (1978-1981)The Third Crucial Historical Episode: The Detente Period (1997-2002)Conclusion Methodological Appendix: Game Theory Models of Role Enactment Patterns Notes References Operational Codes and Foreign Policy Roles Conceptual Insights and Empirical Results

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An Operational Code Analysis of Foreign Policy Roles in US-Iran Strategic Dyads
Stephen G. Walker and Akan Mallei Introduction In the summer of 2015, the United States and Iran signed the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). It was a major achievement and good for both sides. The United States could be certain that Iran’s nuclear program would be exclusively peaceful,...
(Operational Code Analysis and Foreign Policy Roles: Crossing Simon`s Bridge)
Policy Documents and the Beliefs of Foreign Policy Decision-Makers A Next Step in Operational Code Analysis
Femke E. Bakker and Niels van Willigen Introduction As a psychological approach to foreign policy analysis, operational code analysis (OCA) has traditionally focused on individual leaders. In this exploratory study, we aim to expand the scope of OCA to the analysis of foreign policy documents...
(Operational Code Analysis and Foreign Policy Roles: Crossing Simon`s Bridge)
Operational Codes and Foreign Policy Roles Conceptual Insights and Empirical Results
Stephen G. Walker and Mark Schafer Introduction In this chapter, we assess the conceptual insights and empirical results of the operational code analysis (OCA) and foreign policy role studies in this volume with criteria identified as markers of progress in scientific research programs. Do these...
(Operational Code Analysis and Foreign Policy Roles: Crossing Simon`s Bridge)
Binary Role Theory and the Operational Code Analysis of Grand Strategies Can Balancing Work?
B. Gregory Marfleet and Stephen G. Walker Introduction Research on the dynamics of historical international systems reveals a striking finding. Balancing behavior is relatively rare as the modal behavior of states and often fails to prevent systemic hegemony by a predominant state. A research...
(Operational Code Analysis and Foreign Policy Roles: Crossing Simon`s Bridge)
The Development of Foreign Policy Roles Beliefs and Complex Adaptive Systems
Stephen G. Walker Introduction The goal in this chapter is to demonstrate in detail the main argument in this volume that the theoretical and methodological logics governing the formation and identification of a leader’s operational code as a system of beliefs also govern a state’s...
(Operational Code Analysis and Foreign Policy Roles: Crossing Simon`s Bridge)
Operational Code Analysis and Civil Conflict Severity
Gary E. Smith Introduction How can a leader’s operational code affect the severity of civil conflicts? As multiple chapters in this volume demonstrate, operational code analysis continues to provide valuable insights for scholars seeking to explain the foreign policy preferences and behaviors...
(Operational Code Analysis and Foreign Policy Roles: Crossing Simon`s Bridge)
Operational Code Analysis A Method for Measuring Strategic Culture
Seyed Hamidreza Serri Introduction International politics involves high-stake games with multiple historical, economic, cultural, societal, military, and psychological variables that interact with each other at all levels of analysis. When game theory was introduced to bring some order to this...
(Operational Code Analysis and Foreign Policy Roles: Crossing Simon`s Bridge)
Operational Code Analysis
Despite the philosophical differences between Gray and Johnston, both would agree that the strategic culture scholarship would be a more robust research program if it finds more specific patterns. Neither of them would disregard specific and nuanced observations of actors. When it comes to theoretical...
(Operational Code Analysis and Foreign Policy Roles: Crossing Simon`s Bridge)
Turning Points in US-Iran Relations: An Operational Code Analysis
The words in the preceding narratives of the three crucial historical episodes in US-Iran relations are from a language system (English), which is one medium of communication for transmitting and receiving information about each case. Our narrative of each case is both a sample and a summary of its history....
(Operational Code Analysis and Foreign Policy Roles: Crossing Simon`s Bridge)
The Politics of Presidential Foreign Policy: Unilateral Authority and the Role of Congress
Introduction Presidents understand that reelection, reputation, and ultimately their place in history are intimately tied to their ability to get policy initiatives through Congress. Given the vital role Congress plays in the legislative process, presidents must carefully cultivate their relationship...
(The American Election 2012: Contexts and Consequences)