Flowering Plants of Govind Pashu Vihar Wildlife Sanctuary, Western Himalaya With Emphasis on High Altitude Threatened Medicinal Plants

Ramasamy Manikandari, Chithambaram Murugan, Nithya Sivagami Ponnurangam, and Mehala Devi Ramasamy

12.1 INTRODUCTION

The Govind Pashu Vihar Wildlife Sanctuary is located between 31° 17’ to 35° 55' N latitude and 77° 47' to 78° 37' E longitude in Purola Tehsil of the Uttarakashi District of Uttarakhand, which is situated in the Western Himalayas. The Western Himalayas and the Eastern Himalayas together is one of the largest centers of endemism in India, is one of the 34 biodiversity hotspots of the world (Synge 2005). According to Myers et al. (2000), biodiversity “hotspots” are the regions containing a high proportion of global biodiversity in a small area. Also biodiversity hotspots can be defined as areas having an exceptional concentration of endemic taxa. The sanctuary is situated in the Uttarakashi District of Uttarakhand, a newly formed state from Uttar Pradesh (Figure 12.1: Map 1, 2). As the protected areas are the prime centers of conservation and diversity, scientific information on all taxa needs to be collected and documented. Therefore, it is very important to make an assessment of the existing floristic diversity. Considering these reasons, Govind Pashu Vihar Wildlife Sanctuary was selected for an assessment of floristic diversity.

The Govind Pashu Vihar came into existence as a wildlife sanctuary in the year 1955 and is a part of the Upper

Tons Valley. The core zone of the sanctuary was declared as a national park covering an area of 472.08 sq km in 1991. The sanctuary is named after the Bharat Ratna Govind Ballab Pant and is made up of the Rupin and Subin Ranges erstwhile of Tons Forest division. The sanctuary is divided into three ranges, namely, Rupin, Supin, and Sankri. Each range is in turn divided into two sections, viz., Himri, Parvat/Satta, Naitwar, Jakhol, Sankri, and Taluka, respectively (Figure 12.1: Map 2a), and each section further divided into five beats to control illicit activities including felling, poaching, etc. and to complete a developmental target. The inhabitants of the sanctuary are Rawain, Jaunsar, and Gujar. The present explored area shows diversity of vegetation, and it has been classified broadly as follows: 1. sub-tropical pine forests, 2. Himalayan moist-temperate forests, 3. Himalayan dry-temperate forests, 4. sub-alpine forests, and 5. moist alpine scrubs (Champion and Seth 1968).

12.1.1 Past Works

Hooker and Thomson (1855) in their Flora Indica reported quite comprehensive information on the flora of the Garhwal Himalaya, which includes the present study area. Hooker and

FIGURE 12.1 Map view of India.

his collaborators have dealt with many species in The Flora of British India (1872-1897). A few botanists have made botanical explorations into the region, such as Keshwan in 1897; Machinnon in 1889, 1897-1898, 1903; Gollen in 1889; and Gamble in 1893 (Burkill 1965). Atkinson’s (1882) work on the flora of the Himalayas with special reference to Kumaon, Garhwal, Nepal, and Tibet and Duthie’s (1903-1929) Flora of Garhwal Himalaya can be conveniently considered as one of the eminent contributions in the field. Some scholars like Deva and Naithani (1986), Garg (1987), Aswal et al. (1988), Dangwal (1993), and Nautiyal (1996) have made efforts to study the flowering plants of the Garhwal Himalaya in terms of certain families or groups of a given geographical entity. Important information can be derived from Flowers of the Himalaya (Polunin and Stainton 1984), Blossoming Garhwal Himalaya (Rawat et al. 1985), Flowers of Himalaya (Stainton 1988) and Flowers of West Himalaya (Dang 1993), Naithani’s Flora of Chamoli (1984, 1985), Flora of Tons Valley by Rana et al. (2003), Flowering Plants of Uttarakhand- A checklist by Uniyal et al. (2007), and Flora of Gangotri National Park, Western Himalaya by Pusalkar and Singh (2012). Other important unpublished works include Badoni’s (1989) Herbaceous Flora of Uttarkashi District, Bamola’s (1993) Lignosae Flora of Uttarkashi District, and Kandwal’s (2009) Grass Flora of Uttarakhand. Also botanists like Gibson (1954), Gupta (1955, 1957, 1960), Raizada (1958), Issar and Uniyal (1967), Naithani (1969), Rau (1974, 1975, 1981). Singh and Singh (1987, 1992), Gaur (1987, 1999), Rawat and Sharma (1992). Dangwal et al. (1993,1995), Gaur and Painuli (1994), Uniyal etal. (1994,1997), Rawat et al. (1994, 2001), Paramanand (2009). Manikandan et al. (2015), and Manikandan and Srivastava (2015a, 2015b) have contributed for the Flora of Western Himalayas.

12.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

The present study was undertaken to explore this underexplored area periodically along different topographic and climatic gradients within the potential area of the Govind Pashu Vihar Wildlife Sanctuary, which is endowed with a rich Holistic diversity. The duration of each study tour ranged from Ю to 20 days. The field observations have been noted in the field itself and any details which cannot be deduced from a herbarium specimen. Plant specimens have been processed through the conventional methods of drying, poisoning, mounting, stitching, and labeling (Fosberg and Sachet 1965; Bridson and Forman 1998). The collected specimens were identified by comparing with authentic specimens available in different herbaria such as BSD (Herbarium of Botanical Survey of India, Northern Regional Centre, Dehradun), CAL (Central National Herbarium, Howrah), LWG (Herbarium of National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow), RRL/IIIM (Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine/Regional Research Laboratory, Jammu), and DD (Forest Research Institute, Dehradun) protologues, journals, and other relevant sources, such as The Flora of British India (Hooker, l.c.), Flora of Tons Valley (Rana et al. 2003), Flowering Plants of Uttarakhand (Uniyal et al. 2007), besides many other recent monographs and revisions. These specimens were deposited at the Herbarium of Botanical Survey of India, Northern Regional Centre, Dehradun (BSD).

12.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The floristic composition of the Govind Pashu Vihar Wildlife Sanctuary comprises 120 families, 464 genera, 804 species, 8 subspecies, and 14 varieties of angiosperms. Based on the number of genera within the family, the Asteraceae has the highest genera (52 genera), followed by Poaceae (45 genera), Fabaceae (22 genera), and according to the number of species against the genus, the same sequence, that is, the highest in Asteraceae (89 species), followed by Poaceae (56 species), and Fabaceae (41 species) have been recorded in the present work.

12.3.1 High Altitude Threatened Medicinal Plants

According to Walter and Gillett (1998), over 60,000 species have been evaluated for conservation status as per the internationally accepted criteria, of which, 34,000 are classified as globally threatened with extinction. The Botanical Survey of India has published Red data books (Nayar and Sastry 1987,1988, 1990), which contain information on 622 threatened plants. Recently, on February 19, 2000, the 51st meeting of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Council Species Survival Commission was held in Gland, Switzerland, which has come out with an improved version of the Red list categories and criteria version 3.1 (IUCN 2001). Based on IUCN criteria for the critically endangered, the endangered and vulnerable taxa are classified mainly based on the reduction in population size, extent of occurrence, and area of occupancy. The following threatened medicinal plants are recorded from the present study area (Table 12.1).

12.3.2 Factors Causing Loss of Biodiversity

The most important threats to the indigenous flora of the sanctuary is anthropogenic include deforestation, cattle grazing, timber and fuel wood cutting, soil erosion, construction schemes, plantation, plant collection, fire, tourist pressure, and the invasive species, result in the degradation of forests. Further, environmental factors such as seismic activity or violent stress strokes and floods chase landslides or wash away top soil and then alter or destroy the vegetation. The prospective conservation of such unmatched scenic beauty of the floristic composition as well as herbal wealth of the present study area is essential, and also it is a home for a lot of endemic plants and endangered animals which helps in maintaining genetic diversity.

12.3.3 Conservation Measures

Several measures are underway for the protection of the species reaching extinction and rare, endangered, and threatened species. These measures include survey and inventorization of plant resources in the wild, and to develop an accurate database for their planning and

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TABLE 12.1 (Continued)

List of Threatened Medicinal Plants from Govind Pashu Vihar Wildlife Sanctuary, Western Himalaya

Abbreviations: CR, critically endangered: VU, vulnerable; EN, endangered: LC, least concern.

SS

so monitoring purposes, the Protected Area Network has been created for in situ conservation, which has been designated as species-, habitats-, and ecosystems-oriented. Ex situ conservation of rare, endangered, threatened, and endemic species has been undertaken through botanic gardens, zoos, gene banks, etc., and as per the Biological Diversity Act, 2002, a state-wise list of species of plants which are on the verge of extinction along with guidelines to prohibit and regulate their collection, rehabilitate, and preserve these species has been proposed.

I. DICOTYLEDONES

• 1. RANUNCULACEAE
• 1. Aconitum balfourii Stapf., Rare on way to Jamnidhar Glacier, Barasu Pass, Deokyar, and Kedarakantha bugyal (3500-4000 m), August-October.
• 2. Aconitum falconeri Holmes ex Stapf., Rare in alpine meadows (3500-4000 m). July- October. “Meetha.”
• 3. Aconitum heterophyllum Wall, ex Royle, Common in alpine regions, waste places, and along cultivated fields (3500-4000 m). Jakhol, Jamnidhar Glacier, Harkidoon, and Kedarakantha bugyal. August-September.
• 4. Aconitum violaceum Jacqeum. ex Stapf, Occasional in alpine zones, open places, and sandy soils (3500-4000 m). On way to Barasu Pass/Hattagad. July-October.
• 5. Actaea acuminata Wall, ex Royle, Common in mixed temperate forests (2300- 3000 m). Kalajungle and Kedarkantha. June-October.
• 6. Anemone demissa Hook. f. & Thomson, Common almost throughout the alpine and subalpine regions (3300-4000 m). On way to Jamnidhar Glacier. May-September.
• 7. Anemone obtusiloba D. Don, Common in alpine and subalpine meadows (3200- 4000 m). Kalhatta, Deokyar, Dhatmir- Harkidoon, and Jamnidhar. May-July.

“<Ageli,” “Thermayyis. ”

• 8. Anemone rivularis Buch.-Ham. ex DC., Common in alpine and subalpine regions (3500-4000 m). Harkidoon-Jamnidha. Barasu Pass-Ruinsara Tal, and Hatta Valley. On way to Kedarkantha. On way to Jakhol. May-July.
• 9. Anemone vitifolia Buch.-Ham. ex DC., Common in shady places and rocky crevices near mixed temperate (2200-2800 m). On way to Taluka and Sankri-Taluka. May-July.
• 10. Aquilegia pubiflora Wall, ex Royle, Scattered in open sandy soils, shady places, and in rocky crevices near alpine to subalpine regions (2700-3500 m). About 1 km below Seema Forest rest house. June-September.
• 11. Calthapalustris L., Common in open places, along the melting snows and streams near subalpine to alpine regions (2800-4500 m). Ruinsara Tal, Obragad, and Harkidoon. May-June.
• 12. Clematis connata DC., Common along the bridal path near mixed temperate (1700-2700 m). Harkidoon and Seema. July-October.
• 13. Clematis grata Wall., Common along the roadsides and on Berberis bushes near mixed temperate (1500-2500 m). Sankri and Jakhol. July-October.
• 14. Delphinium denudatum Wall, ex Hook./ & Thomson, Common in open places near temperate regions (1500-2500 m). Near Sankri. On way to Jakhol. May-July.
• 15. Delphinium vestitum Wall, ex Royle, Common in temperate to alpine regions (2400-3500 m). Harkidoon and Seema. July-October.
• 16. Oxygraphis endlicheri (Walp.) Bennet & Chandra, Occasional in moist shady places and around sandy soils (3500-4000 m). Barasu Pass-Deokyar, on way to Jamnidhar Glacier. June-July.
• 17. Ranunculus diffusus DC., Common throughout the area (1500-2000 m). Taluka and Khimdar. May-October.
• 18. Ranunculus distans Royle, Abundant in moist places near temperate to subalpine regions (2000-3500 m). On way to Jamnidhar Glacier, Seema, and Naitwar near Sankri. July-August.
• 19. Ranunculus hirtellus Royle ex D. Don, Common throughout the area mostly near wet places (2000-3000 m). On way to Seema and Deokyar. May-August.
• 20. Ranunculus sceleratus L., Fairly common in damp places near temperate regions (1000-1500 m). Naitwar. May-September.
• 21. Thalictrum chelidonii DC., Occasional in moist shady hillslopes. On way to Harkidoon. June-September.
• 22. Thalictrum cultratum Wall., Common on higher altitude (3000-4000 m). Harkidoon- Barasu Pass and Jamnidhar. July-August.
• 23. Thalictrum elegans Wall, ex Royle, Common on sandy gravel soils near the alpine regions (3300-4500 m). On way to Barasu Pass. July-September.
• 24. Thalictrum foliolosum DC., Common in shady places near mixed temperate (2800- 3500 m). Sankri-Taluka. July-September.
• 25. Thalictrum javanicum Blume, Occasional on hillslopes (2500-3000 m). Sankri. June-October.

• 26. Thalictrum platycarpum Hook. f. & Thomson, Rare on alpine meadows. Harkidoon. August-October.
• 27. Thalictrum reniforme Wall., Common on hillslopes (2500-3500 m). On way to Harkidoon and Seema. July-October.
• 28. Thalictrum saniculiforme DC., Common on mossy boulders and on mossy tree trunks near damp mixed temperate (1600-2700 m). Taluka and Seema. July-October.
• 29. Trollius acaulis Lindl. Common in alpine meadows (3500-4500 m). Harkidoon-Barasu Pass, Deokyar, and Jamnidhar. June-August.
• 30. Paeonia emodi Wall, ex Royle, Rare in ravine and on hillslopes (1800-2600 m). Sankri, Taluka, and Sankri-Jakhol. May-October.
• 31. Schisandra grandiflora (Wall.) Hook./ & Thomson, Occasional in broad-leaved mixed temperate and coniferous forests (2000-2900 m). Sankri-Seema, Ruinsara Tal, and Jakhol. May-August.
• 2. MENISPERMACEAE
• 32. Cissampelospareira L. var. hirsuta (Buch.- Ham. ex DC.) Forman, Common along the roadsides and in wet places (1500-2000 m). Naitwar-Taluka. June-October.
• 33. Stephania glabra (Roxb.) Miers, Common in ravines (1500-2000 m). Naitw'ar, near Mautad. May-August.
• 3. BERBERIDACEAE
• 34. Berberis apiculata (Ahrendt) Ahrendt, Occasional on the banks of streams and open dry places on hillslopes (2200-2500 m). On way to Harkidoon. May-August.
• 35. Berberis aristata DC., Common in mixed forests (1500-3000 m). Sankri. On way to Seema. March-October.
• 36. Berberis chitria Lindl., Common in exposed localities, often growing under dense shade in oak forests (1700-2500 m). Sankri. March-October.
• 37. Berberis coriaria Royle ex Lindl., Occasional in mixed forests (1700-2400 m). Sankri. May-June.
• 38. Berberis glaucocarpa Stapf, Common on exposed hillslopes (1700-2200 m). Sankri. May-June.
• 39. Berberis jaeschkeana C.K. Schneid., Occasional on open hillslopes in subal- pine to alpine regions (3000-4200 m). Kalajungle. July-September.
• 40. Berberis lycium Royle, Common in exposed places and along roadsides (1500-2600 m). Sankri. March-July.
• 41. Berberis pachyacantha subsp. zabeliana (C.K. Schneid.) Jafri, Rare on hillslopes. April-June.
• 42. Berberis pseudoumbellata Parker, Very sparse on hillslopes, forming scattered patches in mixed temperate (1800— 3000 m). Sankri-Taluka. On way to Seema. April-August.
• 43. Berberis umbellata Wall, ex G. Don, Rare on hillslopes, forming scattered patches (2700-3500 m). Sankri. On way to Kedarkantha. May-October.
• 4. PODOPHYLLACEAE
• 44. Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) T.S. Ying, Common in damp places near mixed temperate (2800-3500 m). Sankri- Kedarkanth, Jakhol-Deokyar, Jamindhar Glacier, Obragad, and Seema. April—July.
• 5. LARDIZABALACEAE
• 45. Holboellia latifolia Wall., Occasional in mixed temperate (1800-2800 m). Sankri- Seema. March-June.
• 6. PAPAVERACEAE
• 46. Meconopsis aculeata Royle, Occasional

on amidst boulders and alpine meadows (3500-4500 m). Barasu Pass,

Jamnidhar, Deokyar, and Kedarkantha. June-October.

• 47. Papaver dubium L., Rare in open places (1700-2000 m). Himri. April-May.
• 7. FUMARIACEAE
• 48. Corydalis cornuta Royle, Common in shady places near mixed temperate (2000-3600 m). Seema and Osla Village. May-September.
• 49. Corydalis govaniana Wall., Rare in shady places near temperate to alpine regions (3000-4000 m). Kalhattidhar. May-August.
• 50. Corydalis stracheyi Duthie ex Prain, Occasional in open grassy fields and amidst boulders (3600-4500 m). On way to Barasu Pass. July-October.
• 51. Corydalis vagi nans Royle, Occasional on hillslopes and along roadsides in alpine regions (3500-4800 m). Barasu Pass. July-September.
• 52. Dactylicapnos macrocapnos (Prain) Hutch., Occasional on hillslopes (1700— 2000 m). Himri-Naitwar and Seema. July-September.

• 8. BRASSICACEAE
• 53. Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., Occasional on hillslopes and amidst grasses (3000-3800 m). Taluka-Seema. June-September.
• 54. Arabis amplexicaulis Edgew. Common in amidst grasses near subalpine-temperate regions (2800-3000 m). Kalkati-Dhar and Obragad. June-September.
• 55. Arabis pterosperma Edgew., Occasional in amidst grasses(3000-4000m).Kalhattidhar and Deokyar. April-September.
• 56. Barbarea vulgaris W.T. Aiton, Occasional on hillslopes and open places (2700-3800 m). Seema-Harkidoon. May-September.
• 57. Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik., Common throughout the area on hillslopes and in waste places (1800-4000 m). Sankri, Harkidoon, and Istragad. March- September.
• 58. Cardamine flexuosa With., Occasional on moist shady places, along ditches and stream sides (up to 3100 m). On way to Ruinsara Tal. April-August.
• 59. Cardamine impatiens L., Occasional on hillslopes and in moist shady places (2000- 2600 m). Obragad. April-July.
• 60. Crucihimalaya himalaica (Edgew.) Al-Shehbaz, Rare on hillslopes and amidst grasses (2700-3800 m). Sankri. June-September.
• 61. Draba lasiophylla Royle, Rare on amidst grasses in hillslopes near alpine and sub- alpine regions (3800-4500 m). On way to Harkidoon. June-September.
• 62. Eruca sativa Mill., Occasional in dry and open places (1000-1500 m). Naitwar near Sankri. January-April.
• 63. Erysimum hieraciifolium L., Common amidst grasses, on hillslopes and in open places (2000-3500 m). On way to Taluka and Sankri. May-September.
• 64. Lepidium capitatum Hook./ & Thomson, Common on hillslopes and in open places (2000-2600 m). Naitwar. July-September.
• 65. Lepidium virgincum L., Common in open places and along roadsides (2000-2600 m). Naitwar-Sankri. On way to Jakhol. August-October.
• 66. Nasturtium officinale R. Br., Occasional along river side and moist sandy places (1000-1500 m). Naitwar. April-May.
• 67. Rorippa indica (L.) Hiern., Common on hillslopes (2000-2500 m). Sankri. On way to Taluka. May-July.
• 68. Turritis glabra L., Common on hillslopes (up to 2800 m). Obragad. May-August.
• 9. VIOLACEAE
• 69. Viola betonicifolia Sm., Common in moist shady places (2600-3000 m). Kedar River and Taluka-Seema. July-September.
• 70. Viola biflora L., Occasional on hillslopes (2800-3300 m). Kalhattidhar-Harkidoon and Deokyar. June-September.
• 71. Viola canescens Wall, in Roxb., Occasional on hillslopes and in shady moist places (1800-3000 m). Naitwar. April-October.
• 72. Viola pilosa Blume, Sanctuary, April-August.
• 10. POLYGALACEAE
• 73. Polygala persicariifolia DC., Common in forests, grasslands, and roadsides on slopes of hills (1200-2200 m). On way to Sankri and Naitwar. July-October.
• 74. Polygala tatarinowii Regel, Common in open grasslands, thickets, and along roadsides (up to 2300 m). On way to Taluka. August-November.
• 11. CARYOPHYLLACEAE
• 75. Arenaria festucoides Royle, Common on open hillslopes and sandy soils near alpine regions (3400-4000 m). Harkidoon, Barasu Pass, and Hattagad. June-October.
• 76. Arenaria neelgherrensis Wight & Arn., Common amidst grasses in subalpine and alpine slopes (3000-4000 m). Isragad. May-October.
• 77. Cerastium davuricum Fisch. ex Spreng., Scattered in subalpine meadows (3600-4500 m). Harkidoon rest house. July-October.
• 78. Cerastium fontanum Baumg., Occasional on open grassy hillslopes and rocky crevices (up to 3800 m). On way to Taluka and Seema. May-August.
• 79. Cerastium glomeratum Thuill., Common weed throughout the area (1700-3300 m). Sankri and Taluka-Seema. March-July.
• 80. Drymaria cordata (L.) Schult., Common on hillslopes and in shady places (1700— 2200 m). Naitwar-Sankri. May-September.
• 81. Gypsophila cerastioides D. Don, Common on hillslopes, in shady places near subalpine, and alpine regions (2700-3500 m). Osla Village, Harkidoon, and Kalhattidhar. On way to Jamnidhar Glacier. May-October.
• 82. Sagina saginoides (L.) Karsten, Common in open places (1800-3500 m). Taluka- Seema. June-October.
• 83. Silene indica Roxb. ex Otth, Common along the streams and amidst grasses (2900-4000 m). Kalhattidhar-Harkidoon.

On way to Jamnidhar Glacier, Kedarkantha bugyal, and Barasu Pass. July-October.

• 84. Silene indica Roxb. ex Otth var. edgewor- thii (Bocq.) Y. Nasir, Common on hillslopes in temperate and subalpine regions (2400- 3000 m). Jakhol, Seema, and Harkidoon. June-October.
• 85. Silene setisperma Majumdar, Rare on open grassy slopes (3500-4200 m). Hatta Valley. July-August.
• 86. Silene viscosa (L.) Pers., Common in amidst grasses (2700-3600 m). On way to Kedartal. July-October.
• 87. Stellaria decumbens Edgew., Common on hillslopes in shady places (1500-3000 m). Taluka-Seema. July-October.
• 88. Stellaria media (L.) Villars, Common on hillslopes and along roadsides (1700- 2500 m). Sankri. January-March.
• 89. Stellaria monosperma Buch.-Ham. ex

D. Don, Common on hillslopes and in shady places (1800-2700 m). Taluka. On way to Seema. July-October.

• 90. Stellaria patens D. Don, Common on hillslopes in moist temperate to alpine regions (2600-3500 m). On way to Seema. On way to Harkidoon. May-October.
• 12. PORTULACACEAE
• 91. Portulaca oleracea L., Common along the roadside and in waste places (up to 2000 m). Naitwar. January-December.
• 13. TAMARICACEAE
• 92. Myricaria elegans Royle, Occasional on open hillslopes and near boulders (3500- 4500 m). On way to Hatta Valley. On way to Jamnidhar Glacier. July-August.
• 93. Myricaria germanica (L.) Desv. subsp. alo- pecuroides (Schrenk) Kitam., Occasional on open hillslopes and in sandy soils near alpine ravines (3500-4000 m). On way to Jamnidhar Glacier and Harkidoon. May-September.
• 14. HYPERICACEAE
• 94. Hypericum dyeri Rehder, Common to grow on rocks in shady places (2000- 2500 m). Sankri-Taluka and Seema. April-September.
• 95. Hypericum elodeoides Choisy, Common on open hillslopes and shady places near mixed temperate (2000-3000 m). On way to Taluka-Seema. July-October.
• 96. Hypericum himalaicum N. Robson, Occasional in rocky or grassy slopes and along roadsides (2200-2600 m). On way to Seema. August-October.
• 97. Hypericum hookerianum Wight & Arn., Common on rocky places and in shady places (1700-2300 m). Naitwar-Taluka, on way to Kalhattidhar. May-September.
• 98. Hypericum oblongifolium Choisy, Common on rocky places (1700-2300 m). Naitwar-Taluka, Salta, and Dhola area. May-September.
• 99. Hypericum perforatum L., Fairly common in open and disturbed areas. On way to Sankri, About 4 km below Seema. May-September.
• 100. Hypericum uralum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don, Common on rocky shady places (1700-2200 m). Naitwar-Sankri, Taluka, and Dhola. May-September.
• 15. ACTINIDIACEAE
• 101. Saurauia napaulensis DC., Occasional in mixed temperate. Naitwar. March-October.
• 16. MALVACEAE
• 102. Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet, Fairly

common along roadsides and waste places (1200-1500 m). Naitwar.

April-August.

• 103. Malva sylvestris L., Fairly common along roadsides and waste places (1200— 1500 m). Sankri.
• 104. Malva verticillata L., Rare on hillslopes
• (1700-3000 m). Naitwar-Seema and

Harkidoon. April-October.

• 105. Sida cordata (Bunn. /') Borss. Common on hillslopes and in waste places (1400- 1800 m). Naitwar-Sankri. May-October.
• 106. Sida ovata Forssk., Occasional along roadsides near mixed temperate (up to 1800 m). Naitwar-Sankri. June-October.
• 107. Urena lobata L., Common in subtropical- temperate regions (800-1500). On way to Sankri. June-October.
• 17. TILIACEAE
• 108. Corchorus aestuans L., Common in waste places (ascending up to 1800 m). Naitwar near Sankri. August-February.
• 109. Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq., Common throughout the area (ascending up to 1700 m). Naitwar-Sankri. August-January.
• 18. LINACEAE
• 110. Reinwardtia indica Dumort., Occasional in fringes of forests (1500-2500 m). Naitwar and Seema. December-June.

• 19. GERANIACEAE
• 111. Geranium collinum Steph. ex Willd., Common along irrigation ditches or damp places (2800-4800 m). On way to Barasu Pass, Hatta Valley, and Harkidoon. July-September.
• 112. Geranium nepalense Sweet, Common

in shady places (1600-2800 m).

Sankri, Taluka-Seema, and Naitwar. July-September.

• 113. Geranium ocellatum Cambess., Fairly common in moist shady places (1000- 1600 m). Naitwar. On way to Obragad. March-May.
• 114. Geranium polyanthus Edgew. & Hook./, Common on open hillslopes (3600- 4600 m). On way to Jamnidahr Glacier. August-October.
• 115. Geranium robertianum L., Common in moist shady places (1800-2800 m). On way to Seema. May-June.
• 116. Geranium wallichianum D. Don ex Sweet, Common throughout the temperate forests and in alpine regions (2300- 3300 m). Seema. July-September.
• 20. OXALIDACEAE
• 117. Oxalis corniculata L., Common throughout the area (up to 3000 m). Naitwar- Sankri. March-November.
• 21. BALSAMINACEAE
• 118. Jmpatiens badrinathii P.K. Pusalkar &

D.K. Singh, Common on moist shady places near mixed temperate (2500-3200 m). On way to Seema. July-September.

• 119. Jmpatiens glandulifera Royle, Common on hillslopes in shady places (2000-3000 m). On way to Sankri. July-September.
• 120. Impatiens leggei P.K. Pusalkar & D.K. Singh, Common on moist shady places in mixed temperate (2800-3600 m). On way to Seema. July-September.
• 121. Impatiens racemosa DC., Common on hillslopes in shady places (2200- 3300 m). Sankri-Taluka and Naitwar. July-September.
• 122. Jmpatiens scabrida DC., Common on hillslopes and in shady places (2000- 2800 m). Dodhital and Naitwar-Sankri. July-September.
• 123. Jmpatiens himalayensis R. Manik., Lakshmin. & S.K. Srivast., Rare on moist shady places (2500-3200 m). On way to Seema. July-September.
• 124. Impatiens sulcata Wall. Common on hillslopes (2000-3200 m). On way to Seema. July-September.
• 125. Impatiens thomsonii Hook. /, Common along the roadsides and on hillslopes (1600-3000 m). On way to Sankri. July-September.
• 22. RUTACEAE
• 126. Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa, Occasional in dry places and planted near Hindu temples. May-June.
• 127. Boenninghausenia albiflora (Hook.) Reichnb. ex Meisn., Common in shady places (up to 2500 m). Naitwar-Sankri and Taluka. June-October.
• 128. Skimmia anquetilia Taylor & Air Shaw, Common in open areas and often found in Quercus-Rhodendron forests. Sankri and Taluka-Seema. April-November.
• 129. Zanthoxylum armatum DC., Common in evergreen thickets. Sankri and Naitwar- Sankri. March-September.
• 23. SIMAROUBACEAE
• 130. Ailanthus excelsa Roxb., Fairly common in wastelands near habitation and roadsides. Naitwar. April-June.
• 24. MELIACEAE
• 131. Melia azedarach L., Common in valleys (1000-1600 m). Naitwar, along Tons River. April-May.
• 132. Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) M. Roem, Common in the valleys (up to 850 m). Naitwar, near Mautad Village and Jakhol. April-September.
• 25. AQUIFOLIACEAE
• 133. Ilex dipyrena Wall., Common in mixed forests (2500-2800 m). Sankri and Jakhol. May-November.
• 26. CELASTRACEAE
• 134. Cassine albens (Retz.) Kosterm., Occasional in dry places near mixed temperate. Naitwar. September-March.
• 135. Euonymus echinatus Wall., Scattered in shady places, on tree trunks, and on rocky boulders near mixed temperate forests. On way to Seema. March-September.
• 136. Euonymus fimbriatus Wall., Grows in temperate forests. April-June.
• 137. Euonymus hamiltonianus Wall., Occasional in moist shady places. Sankri. March-November.
• 138. Euonymus tingens Wall, in Roxb., Common in moist shady areas. Sankri. April-September.

• 27. RHAMNACEAE
• 139. Hovenia acerba Lindl., Frequent in mixed forests (1600-1900 m). Sankri. June-August.
• 140. Rhamnus virgatus Roxb., Common throughout the area in mixed and temperate forests (1600-2400 m). Sankri. March-October.
• 141. Sageretia parviflora (Roem. ex Schult.)

G. Don, Common throughout the area in mixed temperate (1600-2000 m). Sankri. April-October.

• 28. VITACEAE
• 142. Amplelocissus divaricata (Wall, ex M.A. Lawson) Planch., Common in mixed forests (1800-2800 m). Taluka-Seema. June-October.
• 143. Ampelocissus latifolia (Roxb.) Planch., Common in moist deciduous forests. On way to Sankri. May-October.
• 144. Ampelocissus rugosa (Wall.) Planch., Common on the bushes and trees in mixed forests (1600-2500 m). Naitwar. May-October.
• 145. Parthenocissus semicordata (Wall.) Planch., Common in mixed temperate (up to 1800 m). On way to Sankri. April-August.
• 29. LEEACEAE
• 146. Leea asiatica (L.) Ridsdale, Common in mixed temperate (up to 1200 m). Naitwar near Sankri. June-November.
• 30. SAPINDACEAE
• 147. Sapindus saponaria L., Occasional in mixed forests (1700-2200 m). Naitwar- Sankri. March-June.
• 31. HIPPOCASTANACEAE
• 148. Aesculus indica (Colebr. ex Cambess.) Hook., Common in mixed forests (2000- 2800 m). Sankri. Taluka, and Seema. May-October.
• 32. ACERACEAE
• 149. Acer acuminatum Wall, ex D. Don, Common in mixed temperate and sub- alpine forests (2500-3500 m). Taluka- Seema, Jakhol, and Kedarkantha. April-November.
• 150. Acer caesium Wall, ex Brandis, Common in mixed temperate forests (2000- 3300 m). Taluka-Seema and Sankri. March-October.
• 151. Acer oblongum Wall, ex DC., Rare in moist forests, especially along streams (2200-3000 m). February-May.
• 152. Acer sterculiaceum Wall., Occasional in mixed forests (2000-3300 m). Seema- Harkidoon. On way to Kedarkantha.
• 33. SABIACEAE
• 153. Meliosma simplicifolia (Roxb.) Walp. subsp. yunnanensis (Franchet) Beus., Occasional in moist deciduous forests (up to 1600 m). April-September.
• 34. ANACARDIACEAE
• 154. Cotinus coggygria Scop., Common in subtropical temperate regions (1200- 2300 m). Sankri, Himri, and on way to Taluka. April—July.
• 155. Rhus chinensis Miller, Common near villages in mixed forests (1800-2800 m). Taluka-Seema. June-October.
• 156. Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz, Occasional in moist mixed temperate. March-September.
• 35. CORIARIACEAE
• 157. Coriaria nepalensis Wall., Occasional throughout the valley (2000-3000 m). Naitwar. March-June.
• 36. MORINGACEAE
• 158. Moringa oleifera Lam., Occasional near human habitations. April-June.
• 37. FABACEAE
• 159. Aeschynomene indica L., Common in open moist places (up to 1400 m). Naitwar. August-October.
• 160. Astragalus chlorostachys Lindl., Rare on hillslopes near alpine regions (2800- 4300 m). Kalhattidhar and Harkidoon. July-October.
• 161. Astragalus himalayanus Klotz., Common on hillslopes, along river banks and amidst grasses (2400-3300 m). Seema and Barasu Pass. On way to Jamnidhar Glacier. July-October.
• 162. Campylotropis speciosa (Royle ex Schindl.) Schindl., Occasional on hillslopes near mixed forests (1600— 2000 m). Naitwar-Sankri and Himri. July-October.
• 163. Crotalaria albida Heyne ex Roth, Common in open places and along river banks (up to 2200 m). Naitwar. May-October.

• 164. Crotalaria calycina Schrank, Rare in open places near dry deciduous forests. On way to Naitwar. September-December.
• 165. Crotalaria humifitsa Grah. ex Benth., Occasional on hills slopes amidst grasses (up to 1800 m). Naitwar. July-October.
• 166. Crotalaria prostrata Rottler ex Willd., Common on hillslopes near coniferous forests (1400-2200 m). Naitwar and Taluka. July-October.
• 167. Crotalaria sessiliflora L., Common along roadsides and near open grassy fields (up to 1600 m). On way to Sankri. May-October.
• 168. Crotalaria stipularia Desv., Rare on open grassy fields near mixed temperate forests (up to 1200 m). Naitwar. June-November.
• 169. Dalbergia sissoo Roxb., Common in exposed and along river banks. Naitwar. May-June.
• 170. Desmodium concinnum DC., Common in mixed forests (1400-1800 m). Naitwar- Sankri and Taluka. April-October.
• 171. Desmodium elegans DC., Common in mixed forests (1700-3000 m). Sankri and Taluka-Seema. April-October.
• 172. Desmodium heterocarpon (L.) DC., Common throughout the area (1400— 2400 m). Jakhol, Dhola, and Naitwar- Taluka. July-October.
• 173. Desmodium microphyllum (Thunb.) DC., Common throughout the area (up to 2100 m). Naitwar-Dhola and Naitwar- Taluka. June-October.
• 174. Desmodium multiflorum DC. Common in mixed forests (1800-2500 m). Sankri and Taluka-Seema. June-October.
• 175. Erythrina suberosa Roxb., Occasional in dry places. March-June.
• 176. Flemingia macrophylla (Willd.) Prain, Common in moist places near mixed temperate (up to 1200 m). Naitwar-Sankri. July-October.
• 177. Flemingia procumbens Roxb., Common on hillslopes and amidst grasses (1600- 2600 m). Naitwar-Sankri. July-October.
• 178. Flemingia strobilifera (L.) W.T. Aiton, Common on hillslopes near pine forests (up to 2000 m). Naitwar. July-October.
• 179. Hedysarum microcalyx Baker, Rare on open hillslopes and along roadsides (3000-4000 m). Seema-Harkidoon. June- July.
• 180. Indigofera cassioides Rottlerex DC., Sanctuary. March-May.
• 181. Indigofera hebepetala Benth. ex Baker, Common in mixed temperate forests
• (2000-2600 m). Taluka-Seema and

Jakhol. May-September.

• 182. Indigofera heterantha Wall, ex Brandis, Common throughout the sanctuary except alpine regions (up to 3000 m). Naitwar- Sankri, Taluka-Seema, and Dhola- Changsil. May-October.
• 183. Lathyrus emodii (Wall, ex Fritsch) Ali, Rare on open grassy fields (2300- 3800 m) Kalhattidhar and Harkidoon. June-September.
• 184. Lathyrus humilis (Ser.) Fisch. ex Spreng., Rare on hillslopes and amidst grasses (up to 3000 m). Kalhattidhar. June-September.
• 185. Lathyrus sphaericus Retz., Observ., Occasional on hillslopes and amidst grasses (up to 1600 m). Sankri. April-June.
• 186. Lespedeza gerardiana Grah. ex Maxim., Common on hillslopes, amidst grasses and open places near pin forests (up to 2000 m). Naitwar-Sankri. July-September.
• 187. Lespedeza juncea var. sericea (Thunb.) Forbes & Hemsl., Common throughout the area amidst grasses (up to 2300 m). Naitwar-Sankri, on way to Taluka. July-September.
• 188. Lotus corniculatus L., Common on hillslopes and amidst small grasses near subalpine to alpine regions (3000- 3800 m). Seema, on way to Harkidoon. March-September.
• 189. Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verde., Occasional in fallow fields (1000-1800 m). Naitwar. September-December.
• 190. Millettia extensa (Benth.) Baker, Fairly common in mixed dry deciduous forests (up to 1500 m). Naitwar. April-November.
• 191. Parochetus communis Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don, Common in shady places, open hillslopes, and amidst grasses (2400-3500 m). Sankri-Taluka-Seema. May-September.
• 192. Thermopsis barbata Royle, Common on open hillslopes, amidst grass, and along the bridal path in sandy soil (3200- 4000 m). Kalhattidhar and Harkidoon. May-June.
• 193. Trifolium repens L., Common on hillslopes and amidst grasses (1500- 3500 m). Sankri and Seema-Harkidoon. April-September.
• 194. Trigonella emodi Benth., Common on hillslopes and amidst grasses (2000-3600 m). Harkidoon, Deokyar, Kalhattidhar, and Devasu. July-September.
• 195. Trigonella pubescens Edgew. ex Baker, Common on open moist places and grassy fields (3200-4600 m). On way to Barasu Pass. April-August.
• 196. Vicia bakeri Ali, Common on hillslopes and climbing over bushes (1700-3500 m). On way to Sankri, Kalhattidhar, and on way to Seema. July-September.
• 197. Vicia sativa L., Occasional in deodar forests (1700-2500 m). Sankri. March-July.
• 198. Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek, Occasional along the roadsides. Naitwar and Sankri. March-July.
• 199. Vigna vexillata (L.) A. Rich., Common in amidst grasses (up to 2000 m). Taluka. July-October.
• 200. Zornia gibbosa Span., Common on open places and amidst grasses (up to 2000 m). Naitwar-Himri. July-September.
• 38. CAESALPINIACEAE
• 201. Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb., Fairly common in mixed temperate. Sankri. September-February.
• 202. Caesalpinia decapetata (Roth.) Alston, Occasional in mixed temperate (up to 2000 m). Naitwar-Sankri. March-April.
• 203. Chamaecrista pumila (Lam.) V. Singh, Infrequent in open situations. Naitwar. July-October.
• 39. MIMOSACEAE
• 204. Acacia sinuata (Lour.) Merr., Fairly common in scrub forests (up to 950 m). Naitwar. April-December.
• 205. Albizia mollis (Wall.) Boivin, Occasional along roadsides near mixed temperate (1500-2300 m). Sankri. May-December.
• 40. ROSACEAE
• 206. Acoinastylis data (Wall, ex Royle) Bolle, Common on hillslopes near subalpine and alpine regions (3000-4000 m). Hatta valley, Kedarkantha, On way to Jamnidhar Glacier, Deokyar. June-October.
• 207. Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb., Common on hillslopes and in mixed forests (1600- 2500 m). Naitwar-Sankri. May-September.
• 208. Cotoneaster acuminatus Lindl., Common in mixed forests to alpine regions (2500- 3600 m). Seema. May-October.
• 209. Cotoneaster microphyllus Wall, ex Lindl., Common on hillslopes and on boulders near mixed forests to alpine regions (2300-4500 m). Kalhattidhar Glacier and Harkidoon. On way to Hatta Valley. May-October.
• 210. Cotoneaster obtusus Wall, ex Lindl., Fairly common in open and associated with

Rosa and Deutzia spp. (2300-4500 m). Kalhattidhar Glacier. May-October.

• 211. Cotoneaster roseus Edgew., Occasional along the bridal path (2700-3500 m). On way to Harkidoon. May-October.
• 212. Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke, Common on hillslopes (1400-1800 m). Naitwar and Sankri-Himri. March-June.
• 213. Filipendula vestita (Wall, ex G. Don) Maxim., Occasional in open hillslopes near alpine regions (2700-3800 m). Seema-Harkidoon. May-October.
• 214. Fragaria nubicola Lindl. ex Lacaita Common on hillslopes and in shady places (up to 3000 m). Sankri, on way to Seema. April-June.
• 215. Geurn roylei Bolle, Common on hillslopes and in shady places near mixed forests (up to 2800 m). Istragad, Seema, and Kedarkantha. April-October.
• 216. Potentilla arbuscula var. pumila (Hook. /.) Hand.-Mazz., Common on boulders, in sandy soil, and open places near alpine regions (4000-5000 m). Harkidoon, on way to Jamnidhar Glacier. July-September.
• 217. Potentilla argyrophylla Wall. ex Lehm., Common on hillslopes in subalpine to alpine regions (3000-4000 m). Deokyar, Barasu Pass, and Kalhattidhar. June-October.
• 218. Potentilla atrosanguinea Lodd., Common on hillslopes in subalpine to alpine regions (3000-4000 m). Barasu Pass, on way to Harkidoon. On way to Jamnidhar Glacier. June-October.
• 219. Potentilla cuneifolia Bertol., Common in shady places, on hillslopes, and open rocky places (3500-4500 m). On way to Barasu Pass. On way to Jamnidhar Glacier. June-October.
• 220. Potentilla eriocarpa Wall, ex Lehm., Common on hillslopes near glacial mar- ians (4000-5000 m). On way to Barasu Pass. June-September.
• 221. Potentilla rigida Wall, ex Lehm., Common on rocky places and on boulders in alpine to subalpine regions (3500-4500 m). Harkidoon. June-September.
• 222. Potentilla supina L., Common in fallow fields, ditches, and along roadside depressions (up to 1800 m). Naitwar. June-September.
• 223. Prillsepia utilis Royle, Common in open places throughout the valley (1000— 2500 m). Sankri and Naitwar-Taluka- Seema. December-July.

• 224. Prunus cerasoides D. Don, Common throughout the area (1400-2300 m). Naitwar (T.S. Rana & et al„ l.c.), Himri- Taluka. April-December.
• 225. Prunus cornuta (Wall, ex Royle) Steud., Common throughout the area in cold temperate forests and associated with Quercus semicarpifolia, Betula utilis, etc. (2600- 3500 m). Seema-Harkidoon, Khatakcha, and Khimdar. May-October.
• 226. Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, Common throughout the area and also widely cultivated (up to 3000 m). Sankri, Naitwar- Dhola, and Seema. January-October.
• 227. Pyracantha crenulata (D. Don) M. Roem., Common on open places (up to 2600 m). Naitwar. On way to Dhola. March-June.
• 228. Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don, Common throughout in mixed temperate especially on open hillslopes (up to 2300 m). Sankri. April-June.
• 229. Rosa brunonii Lindl., Common along bushes (1450-2800 m). Naitwar-Sankri and Taluka-Seema. April-February.
• 230. Rosa macrophylla Lindl., Common throughout the area in mixed forests to alpine regions (2300-3600 m). Sankri. Seema, and Harkidoon. May-October.
• 231. Rosa sericea Lindl., Common throughout the area in subalpine and alpine regions (3000-4500 m). Harkidoon.

April-September.

• 232. Rosa webbiana Wall, ex Royle, Common throughout the area in subalpine and alpine regions (3000-4500 m). On way to Ruinsara Tal. April-October.
• 233. Rubus biflorus Buch.-Ham. ex Sm. in Rees, Occasional in mixed temperate forests (2200-3200 m). Sankri. April—July.
• 234. Rubus ellipticus Sm. Common throughout the area (up to 2300 m). Sankri-Taluka. March-June.
• 235. Rubus foliolosus D. Don, Fairly common in mixed forests (2200-3200 m). Sankri. May-October.
• 236. Rubus niveus Thunb., Common throughout the area (up to 2600 m). Naitwar, Jakhol, Sankri, and Seema. March-July.
• 237. Rubus paniculatus Sm. Common on climbing over bushes and trees (up to 2200 m). Naitwar and Sankri-Jakhol. May-July.
• 238. Sibbaldia parviflora Willd., Common on hillslopes, amidst grasses, and in moist shady places (3200-3800 m). Seema. On way to Harkidoon. May-September.
• 239. Sorbaria tomentosa (Lindl.) Rehder, Common throughout the area in mixed forests (2000-3000 m). Sankri, Naitwar, Dodital, and Taluka-Seema. June-October.
• 240. Sorbus aucuparia L., Occasional on open hillslopes near alpine regions (3400- 4000 m). Harkidoon. On way to Maninda Tal. May-September.
• 241. Spiraea bella Sims., Common throughout the area in cold temperate forests to alpine regions (2800-3600 m). On way to Harkidoon. May-September.
• 242. Spiraea canescens D. Don, Very common among the hedges and fringes of the forests (2700-3500 m) Sankri and Taluka-Seema. On way to Khatakcha. May-September.
• 243. Spiraea vaccinifolia D. Don, Scattered along the bridal path and in open places near mixed temperate (1800-2800 m). Naitwar-Sankri. May-October.
• 41. SAXIFRAGACEAE
• 244. Astilbe rivularis Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don, Occasional in shady places near mixed forests (1600-2500 mJ). Sankri and akhol. June-October.
• 245. Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb., Common on rocky places and in moist shady places (2300-3200 m). Taluka-Seema. April—July.
• 246. Bergenia stracheyi (Hook./ & Thomson) Engl., Common on rocky places and in gravel soil (3000-4500 m). On way to Jamnidhar Glacier. May-September.
• 247. Saxifraga asarifolia Sternb., Revis., Occasionally found growing on hillslopes and in moist shady places near alpine regions (3500-4500 m). Harkidoon. On way to Jamnidhar Glacier. May-September.
• 248. Saxifraga brunonis Wall, ex Sering, Common on hillslopes and marshy boulders near alpine regions (3500-4000 m). Jamnidhar Glacier, Huttagad, and Barasu Pass. On way to Maninda Tal. July-September.
• 249. Saxifraga diversifolia Wall, ex Sering, Common on hillslopes and in moist shady places near subalpine to alpine regions (3200-4000 m). Jamnidhar Glacier and Harkidoon. June-October.
• 250. Saxifraga filicaulis Wall, ex Sering, Common on hillslopes and in moist shady places near subalpine to alpine regions (3200-3800 m). Kalhattidhar and Harkidoon. July-September.

• 251. Saxifraga flagellaris subsp. mucronulata (Royle) Engl. & Irmsch., Occasional on hillslopes and amidst grasses near alpine regions (4000-4500 m). Harkidoon and Barasu Pass. May-September.
• 252. Saxifraga parnassifolia D. Don, Common on hillslopes and amidst grasses near alpine regions (3000-4000 m). On way to Harkidoon. August-October.
• 253. Saxifraga sibirica L., Common in amidst boulders and moist shady places (4000- 4500 m) Barsu pass. May-September.
• 42. PARNASSIACEAE
• 254. Parnassia laxmannii Pallas ex Schult., Common in wet places (2300-3200 m). Seema. July-August.
• 255. Parnassia nubicola Wall, ex Royle, Common throughout the area in temperate to alpine regions (2000-4000 m). Hutta Valley and Kedarkantha. June-October.
• 43. HYDRANGEACEAE
• 256. Hydrangea heteromalla D. Don, Rare on moist shady places (2600-3200 m). On way to Seema. May-October.
• 44. PHILADELPHACEAE
• 257. Deutzia staniinea R. Br. ex Wall., Common throughout the area in mixed temperate (2200-3500 m). Near Taluka. On way to Seema. May-July.
• 258. Philadelphus tomentosus Wall, ex G. Don, Common throughout the area in mixed temperate (2000-2700 m). Seema. May-July.
• 45. GROSSULARIACEAE
• 259. Ribes glaciate Wall, in Roxb., Common

in alpine regions (3500-4000 m).

Harkidoon, Barasu Pass, and Deokyar. May-September.

• 260. Ribes orientate Desf., Common on hillslopes (3200-4100 m). Harkidoon. April-June.
• 46. CRASSULACEAE
• 261. Hylotelephium ewersii (Ledeb.) H. Ohba, Common throughout the subalpine and alpine Himalaya on mossy boulders (3200-5000 m). On way to Harkidoon. On way to Jamnidhar Glacier. July-October.
• 262. Rhodiola crenulata (Hook. f. & Thomson) H. Ohba, Common on hillslopes, rocky crevices and in shady places (3200-4000 m). On way to Harkidoon. May-September.
• 263. Rhodiola fastigiata (Hook./ & Thomson) Fu, Common on hillslopes, rocky crevices, and in shady places (3800-4600 m). Harkidoon. May-September.
• 264. Rhodiola heterodonta (Hook. / &

Thomson) Boriss., Common in gravel soils and amidst boulders near the alpine regions (3500-4500 m). Deokyar. May-September.

• 265. Rhodiola imbricata Edgew., Common on moist boulders and along the streams, near alpine regions (3800-4500 m). Harkidoon. July-September.
• 266. Rhodiola quadrifida (Pallas) Fischer & Mey., Common on hillslopes and in rocky crevices (3600-4500 m). Harkidoon, On way to Maninda Tal. May-September.
• 267. Rhodiola sinuata (Royle ex Edgew.) Fu, Common on moist hillslopes (3200- 4000 m). On way to Seema, Kalhattidhar, and Harkidoon. June-October.
• 268. Rhodiola wallichiana (Hook. /) Fu, Common along streams in subalpine to alpine regions (3200-4200 m). Hatta Valley, Jamnidhar Glacier. June-October.
• 269. Rosularia rosulata (Edgew.) H. Ohba, Fairly common on stony and moist walls (1700-2500 m). Sankri. On way to Taluka. May-June.
• 270. Sedum multicaule Wall, ex Lindl., Common on hillslopes and on rocky crevices (3300-4500 m). Sankri-Taluka. June-October.
• 271. Sedum oreades (Decne.) Hamet., Rare on rocky crevices (3300-4500 m). Harkidoon. June-October.
• 272. Sedum truUipetalum Hook./ & Thomson, Rare on mossy boulders in subalpine to alpine regions (3200-4500 m). On way to Harkidoon. On way to Maninda Tal and Barasu Pass. June-October.
• 273. Sinocrassula indica (Decne.) A. Berger, Common on rocks, dry stony and gravelly slopes (1200-3300 m). On way to Taluka. On way to Seema. July-October.
• 274. Tillaea schimperi (C.A. Mey.) M.G. Gilbert, Common on hillslopes and rocky places (1500-2000 m). Naitwar-Sankri. On way to Taluka. July-October.
• 47. DROSERACEAE
• 275. Drosera peltata J.E. Sm., Common in amidst grasses (2600-300 m).

Seema-Kalhattidhar and Harkidoon. June-October.

• 48. MELASTOMACEAE
• 276. Osbeckia chinensis L., Occasional in damp localities (1200-1500 m). Naitwar. September-October.
• 277. Osbeckia stellata Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don, Common throughout the area (1500- 2000 m). Sankri-Taluka. July-October.
• 49. LYTHRACEAE
• 278. Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz, Occasional on hillslopes and along the roadsides. April-June.
• 50. PUNICACEAE
• 279. Punica granatum L., Occasional in village areas and outskirts of forests. Naitwar. August-November.
• 51. ONAGRACEAE
• 280. Circaea alpina L. subsp. imaicola (Ascher. & Magn.) Kitam., Common on hillslopes amidst grasses (2500-3500 m). On way to Taluka. July-September.
• 281. Epilobium cylindricum D. Don, Common

on hillslopes, in moist shady and watery- places (2500-4000 m). Harkidoon.

May-September.

• 282. Epilobium latifolium L., Common on open hillslopes and in sandy soils (3500- 4500 m). Ruinsara Tal, Harkidoon, and Barasu Pass. July-October.
• 283. Epilobium palustre L., Rare on hillslopes and in moist shady places (2000- 3000 m). On way to Jamnidhar Glacier. July-September.
• 284. Epilobium royleanum Haussk., Common in moist shady places, along streams, and roadsides (2300- 3800 m). Seema- Harkidoon and Ruinsara Tal. July-October.
• 285. Ludwigia perennis L., Common on hillslopes, in moist shady and watery places (1500-2000 m). On way to Dhola. April-June.
• 286. Oenothera rosea L’ Her. ex Aiton, Common throughout the area (up to 2500 m). Kaldiyan and Taluka. April-September.
• 52 PASSIFLORACEAE
• 287. Passiflora edulis Sims., Rare on hedges and along the Tons River (up to 1500 m). Naitwar. May-June.
• 53 CUCURBITACEAE
• 288. Herpetospermum pendunculosum (Ser.) Baill., Common along the roadsides (2000-2600 m). On way to Seema. August-September.
• 289. Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M. Roem., Occasional in disturbed areas near mixed temperate (up to 900 m). Naitwar. July-October.
• 290. Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) Gandhi, Common along the bridal path near villages (1600-2500 m). On way to Dhola. On way to Sankri and Taluka. June-October.
• 291. Trichosanthes cucumerina L., Common along the bridal path (1500-2000 m). On way to Jakhol. August-September.
• 292. Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour., Occasional in mixed temperate (up to 1250 m). Naitwar. On way to Jakhol. August-October.
• 54 BEGONIACEAE
• 293. Begonia picta Sm., Common on slopes, amidst grasses, and in moist shady places (up to 2000 m). On way to Sankri. June-October.
• 55. APIACEAE (= UMBELLIFERAE)
• 294. Acronema tenerum (DC.) Edgew., Common throughout the area from temperate to alpine regions (2600-4500 m). Seema-Harkidoon. July-October.
• 295. Angelica glauca Edgew'., Common throughout the area in cold temperate to subalpine regions (2600-3300 m). Seema- Harkidoon. July-October.
• 296. Bupleurum candollei Wall, ex DC., Common throughout on open hillslopes and amidst grasses (2500-4000 m). On way to Seema. June-October.
• 297. Bupleurum hamiltonii N.R Balakr., Common in moist shady places and amidst grasses (2000-3000 m). Naitwar-Seema. June-October.
• 298. Bupleurum lanceolatum Wall, ex DC., Common on hillslopes, along the bridal path, and amidst grasses (1500-3000 m). Sankri-Taluka. June-September.
• 299. Bupleurum marginatum Wall, ex DC., Common along the bridal path and amidst grasses (1500-2000 m). Kedarkantha. July-October.
• 300. Bupleurum rupestre Edgew., Common on hillslopes, along the bridal path, and amidst grasses (3000-4100 m). Harkidoon and Hatta Valley. August-November.
• 301. Centellaasiatica (L.) Urb., Common on hillslopes, in moist places, and amidst grasses (up to 1700 m). Naitwar. April-October.
• 302. Chaerophyllum acuminatum Lindl., Occasional on open hillslopes (2500- 4000 m). Harkidoon. June-September.

• 303. Chaerophyllum reflexum Lindl., Common on hillslopes, in shady places, and amidst grasses (1800-3000 m). Naitwar. July-September.
• 304. Heracleum lanatum Michx., Common on hillslopes in association with Geranium sp., Seneciosp., Polygonum sp., etc. (2000-3000 m). Hatta Valley and Harkidoon. On way to Jamnidhar Glacier. June-September.
• 305. Meeboldia achilleifolia (DC.) P.K. Mukh. & Constance, Common in open grassy slopes (3200-3800 m). Hatta Valley. July-October.
• 306. Pimpinella acuminata (Edgew.) C.B. Clarke, Common in moist shady places (1800-2500 m). Seema. August-October.
• 307. Pimpinella diversifolia DC., Common along the bridal path near mixed temperate (1500-2000 m). Naitwar, along Tons River. Seema. May-Sept ember.
• 308. Pleurospermum candollii (DC.) C.B.

Clarke, Common on hillslopes and amidst grasses (3800-4500 m). Harkidoon-

Maninda Tal. On way to Barasu Pass. August-October.

• 309. Pleurospermum densiflorum (Lindl.) C.B. Clarke, Common on hillslopes, amidst grasses, and along the bridal path (3000- 4000 m). Seema-Harkidoon. July-October.
• 310. Pleurospermum stellatum (D. Don) C.B. Clarke, Common on open hillslopes and in sandy soils (3000-4000 m). Harkidoon. July-September.
• 311. Sanicula elata Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don, Common on open hillslopes and moist shady places (2000-3500 m). Taluka- Seema. July-October.
• 312. Schulzia garhwalica (H. Wolff) P.K. Mukh. & Constance, Rare in shady places and on hillslopes (3000-4000 m). On way to Barasu Pass. July-October.
• 313. Selinum vaginatum (Edgew.) C.B. Clarke, Common on hillslopes and amidst grasses (2000-4000 m). On way to Harkidoon and Ruinsara Tal. August-October.
• 314. Selinum wallichianum (DC.) Raizada &

H.O. Saxena, Common on hillslopes and amidst grasses in association with Geranium sp.. Polygonum spp., etc. (2000-4000 m). On way to Harkidoon. On way to Jamnidhar Glacier and Kedarkantha. July-October.

• 315. Tordyliopsis brunonis DC., Occasional in meadows, among shrubs and boulders near subalpine regions, and on hillslopes (3000-4400 m). On way to Barasu Pass. July-October.
• 316. Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC., Occasional on hillslopes and amidst grasses (2500- 3000 m). On way to Sankri and Taluka- Seema. June-October.
• 317. Tricholaser cachemiricum (C.B. Clarke) Alava, Occasional in outskirts of pine forests. Sankri. May-August.
• 318. Vicatia coniifolia DC., Occasional in amidst grasses (2000-3500 m). Taluka- Seema. May-September.
• 56. ARALIACEAE
• 319. Aralia cachemirica Decne., Occasional along the bridal path in mixed temperate (1800-2400 m). Sankri-Taluka. July-September.
• 320. Hedera nepalensis K. Koch, Common on climbing over trees (1600-2700 m). Sankri- Taluka and Jakhol. September-December.
• 57. CORNACEAE
• 321. Swida macrophylla (Wall.) Sojak,

Common throughout the area near mixed temperate (1600-2500 m). Naitwar,

Jakhol, Sankri, and Taluka. May-October.

• 58. ALANGIACEAE
• 322. Alangium chinensis (Lour.) Harms., Common throughout the area near mixed temperate (1600-2500 m). Naitwar and Sankri. May-October.
• 59. CAPRIFOLIACEAE
• 323. Leycesteria formosa Wall., Rare in mixed temperate and also found near the villages (1800-3000 m). Seema and Taluka. May-August.
• 324. Lonicera angustifolia Wall, ex DC., Fairly common in temperate forests (2500-3000 m). Naitwar. May-August.
• 325. Lonicera heterophylla Decne. Very common on dry rocky slopes in alpine zone (3500-4600 m). Ruinsara Tal. June-July.
• 326. Lonicera myrtillus Hook. f. & Thomson, Common on open hillslopes, in sandy graval soils, and on rocky crevices (3500- 4500 m). Ruinsara below. On way to Jamnidhar Glacier. May-October.
• 327. Lonicera obovata Royle ex Hook. f. & Thomson, Common on hillslopes and in rocky places (3500-4500 m). Harkidoon. On way to Jamnidhar Glacier. May-October.
• 328. Lonicerapurpurascens Walp., Occasional on open hillslopes and associated with in Quercus semicarpifolia, Abies forests

• (3200-4000 m). On way to Harkidoon, and Ruinsara Tal. May-October.
• 329. Lonicera quinquelocularis Hardw., Fairly common in scrub forests (900- 1600 m). Sankri. April-September.
• 330. Lonicera webbiana Wall, ex DC., Occasional in open hillslopes and in rocky places (2700-4000 m). Seema-Harkidoon. May-September.
• 331. Viburnum cotinifolium D. Don, Common throughout the area in mixed temperate (1800-3000 m). Naitwar and Harkidoon. April-October.
• 332. Viburnum erubescens Wall, ex DC.,

Occasional along the bridal path and also forming isolated patches near mixed temperate (1800-3000 m). Sankri.

May-September.

• 333. Viburnum grandiflorum Wall, ex DC., Common on hillslopes (up to 3500 m). Kedarkantha. November-June.
• 334. Viburnum mullaha Buch.-Ham. ex

D. Don, Common throughout the area in mixed temperate (2000-3500 m). On way to Taluka, Seema, and Naitwar. May-September.

• 60. RUBIACEAE
• 335. Argostemma sarmentosum Wall., Rare in moist shady places (1400-1800 m). Naitwar-Sankri. July-September.
• 336. Galium acutum Edgew., Common in amidst grasses near mixed temperate (2000-3700 m). On way to Jamnidhar Glacier. July-October.
• 337. Galium aparine L., Common in waste places and in moist shady places (1500- 3400 m). On way to Dhola and Ruinsara Tal. February-August.
• 338. Galium asperifolium Wall, in Roxb., Common in moist shady places and found on Lysimachia lobeloides (1400— 3500 m). On way to Salta and Naitwar. August-November.
• 339. Galium asperuloides Edgew., Common in moist shady places (1400-2700 m). Harkidoon. May-July.
• 340. Galium elegans Wall, ex Roxb., Common in moist shady places (1400-2500 m). Salta and Sankri. June-August.
• 341. Hedyotis attenuata Willd., Occasional on hillslopes (up to 1200 m). Naitwar. July-October.
• 342. Hedyotis corymbosa (L.) Lam., Common in moist shady areas, waste places, and along the cultivated fields (1400-2000 m). Naitwar. July-October.
• 343. Leptodermis lanceolata Wall., Common on hillslopes and near villages (1400-2500 m). Sankri and Naitwar. June-October.
• 344. Randia tetrasperma (Roxb.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Brandis, Common in open and dry places (1200-1800 m). Naitwar. March-September.
• 345. Rubia manjith Roxb. ex Flem., Common in moist shady places (1400-3000 m). Naitwar-Jakhol-Seema. June-October.
• 346. Spermacoce pusilla Wall., Common in moist places (1400-1700 m). On way to Naitwar. March-November.
• 61. VALERIANACEAE
• 347. Valeriana hardwickii Wall., Common on hillslopes and amidst grasses (2000- 3000 m). On way to Sankri. June-October.
• 62. DIPSACACEAE
• 348. Dipsacus inermis Wall., Common throughout the area in cold temperate mixed temperate (1800-3000 m). Sankri- Taluka. On way to Seema. July-October.
• 349. Morina longifolia Wall, ex DC., Very common on open hillslopes in cold temperate alpine regions (3000-4000 m). Harkidoon. June-October.
• 63. ASTERACEAE (=COMPOSITAE)
• 350. Achillea millefolium L., Rare on hillslopes (3000 m). Runsiyara Tal. July-October.
• 351. Artemisia capillaris Thunb., Common on hillslopes, open places, and mostly on sandy soils (2000-3500 m). Naitwar. July-September.
• 352. Artemisia dubia Wall, ex Bess., Occasional on hillslopes and along the bridal path (1500-2500 m). Sankri-Taluka. July-September.
• 353. Artemisia indica Willd. var. elegantis- sima (Pamp.) Y.R. Ling & Humpheries, Very common on hillslopes and amidst grasses (2700-3200 m). On way to Harkidoon. July-September.
• 354. Artemisia indica Willd. var. indica. Common on hillslopes and along the bridal path (1500-3000 m). Naitwar. March-December.
• 355. Artemisia japonica Thunb., Common on hillslopes (1700-3000 m). Sankri, Naitwar. July-October.
• 356. Artemisia myriantha Wall, ex Bess,

Occasional on hillslopes and amidst grasses (1700-3000 m). Naitwar.

October-December.

• 357. Artemisia roxburghiana Wall, ex Bess., Common on hillslopes (2500- 3000 m). Kedarkantha bugyal. On way to Harkidoon. July-September.
• 358. Artemisia wallichiana Bess., Occasional on open hillslopes and mainly in sandy soils (2700-3500 m). On way Jamnidhar Glacier. July-September.
• 359. Tanacetum dolichophyllum (Kitam.) Kitam., Common on grassy hillslopes and along river banks (3000-4000 m). Hatta Valley, On way to Harkidoon, on way to Barasu Pass and Kedarkanth bugyal. July-September.
• 360. Aster diplostephioides (DC.) C.B. Clarke, Common on open hillslopes (3000- 4500 m). Hatta Valley. On way to Barasu Pass. July-October.
• 361. Aster flaccidus Bunge, Occasional on open hillslopes (3200-4200). Seema and Hatta Valley. June-September.
• 362. Aster molliusculus (Lindl. ex DC.) C.B. Clarke, Occasional on open rocky hillslopes, shady places, and amidst grasses (2000-3000 m). On way to Jakhol. July-September.
• 363. Aster peduncularis Wall, ex Nees, Common on slopes in mixed temperate (1800-3000 m). On way to Taluka and Jakhol. On way to Seema. July-October.
• 364. Aster stracheyi Hook, f, Rare on open hillslopes (3500-4500 m). On way to Barasu Pass. July-September.
• 365. Aster thomsonii C.B. Clarke, Occasional on hillslopes and in shady places (2000- 3000 m). On w'ay to Seema. July-October.
• 366. Brachyactis pubescens (DC.) Aitch. & C.B. Clarke, Occasional in crevices of walls near hillslopes. On way to Harkidoon. August-September.
• 367. Conyza aegyptiaca (L.) Aiton, Common in grassy fields, roadsides, and waste places (up to 2600 m). Sankri, Taluka, and Naitwar. September-January.
• 368. Conyza japonica (Thunb.) Less ex DC., Common moist and waste places. Naitwar and Sankri. May-June.
• 369. Erigeron acris L., Common on open grassy hillslopes (3400-4600 m). On way to Jamnidhar Glacier. June-July.
• 370. Erigeron aitnuus (L.) Pers., Common on hillslopes (3400-4600 m). Naitwar- Sankri. July—July.
• 371. Erigeron bellidioides (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Benth. ex C.B. Clarke, Occasional in stony places (1500-2200 m). Sankri. May-June.
• 372. Erigeron multiradiatus (Lindl. ex DC.) C.B. Clarke, Common on open hillslopes (2500-3500 m). Taluka-Seema- Harkidoon. August-September.
• 373. Erigeron sublyratus DC., Common in open places (1000-1800 m). Sankri. April—July.
• 374. Myriactis javanica (Blume) DC., Occasional on hillslopes and on waste places (1500-2000 m). On way to Sankri and Jamnidhar Glacier. July-September.
• 375. Myriactis nepalensis Less., Fairly common weed in fallow fields (1500- 3000 m). Sankri. On way to Kedarkantha. July-October.
• 376. Solidago virgaurea L., Common in mixed temperate (1600-3000 m). Hatta Valley. On way to Taluka. May-October.
• 377. Arctium lappa L., Few on open places and in sandy soils (2500 m). On way to Seema and Ruinsara Tal. July-September.
• 378. Carduus edelbergii Rech./, Common in open hillslopes (3200-4000 m). Harkidoon. August-October.
• 379. Circium wallichii DC., Common in waste and moist places (1600-3000 m). Sankri. May-October.
• 380. Jurinella macrocephala (Royle) Aswal & Goel, Common on hillslopes (3200- 4300 m). On way to Jamnidhar Glacier. July-September.
• 381. Saussurea auriculata (DC.) Sch.-Bip., Common in open slopes and amidst shrubs near alpine regions (3000-4000 m). On way to Harkidoon and Kedarkantha bugyal. August-October.
• 382. Saussurea heteromalla (D. Don) Hand- Mazz., Rare in dry, stony hillslopes (1000-3500 m). Sankri. May-August.
• 383. Saussurea obvallata (DC.) Edgew., Occasional in rocky slopes and amidst boulders near alpine regions (3500- 4500 m). Hatta Valley. July-October.
• 384. Saussurea roylei (DC.) Sch.-Bip., Common in hillslopes near subalpine to alpine regions (3000-4500 m). On way to Barasu Pass. July-September.
• 385. Saussurea simpsoniana (Fielding & Gardner) Lipsch., Rare amidst boulders near alpine regions (4000- 5000 m). Maninda Tal and Barasu Pass. July-October.
• 386. Saussurea stracheyana (Kuntze) Lipsch., Few in open places near alpine regions (3000-3500 m). Harkidoon. July-August.
• 387. Saussurea taraxacifolia (Lindl. ex Royle) Wall, ex DC., Occasional in hillslopes

• (3200-4200 m). Barasu Pass and Ruinsara Tal, On way to Hatta Valley. July-October.
• 388. Serrulata pallida DC., Occasional in pine forests (1400-2000 m). Sankri. On way to Jakhol. May-June.
• 389. Tricholepis elongata DC., Common in shady places near mixed temperate (1500- 2500 m). Sankri. May-September.
• 390. Cephalorrhynchus macrorhizus (Royle) Tuisl, Common on open hillslopes (2800-3800 m). On way to Harkidoon. August-October.
• 391. Chaetoseris cynaea (D. Don) C. Shih, Common on exposed shady slopes near mixed temperate forests (2500-3500 m). On way to Maninda Tal. On way to Ruinsara Tal. September-November.
• 392. Cicerbita violaefolia (Decne.) Beauv., Common on hillslopes and near cultivated fields (2900-3600 m). On way to Harkidoon and Kalhattidhar. July-September.
• 393. Crepis sancta (L.) Babco., Occasional on exposed hillslopes near mixed temperate (up to 3000 m). Sankri. March-June.
• 394. Dubyaea hispida DC., Common on exposed hillslopes and in moist shady places near alpine regions (3000- 4000 m). On way to Jamnidhar Glacier and Harkidoon, On way to Maninda Tal. September-November.
• 395. Lactuca dolichophylla Kitam., Rare along roadsides in mixed temperate (up to 1600 m). On way to Jakhol. August-October.
• 396. Launaea aspleniifoila Hook. f, Occasional in moist and waste places (up to 2200 m). Sankri. May-June.
• 397. Paramicrorhynchus procumbens (Roxb.) Kirp. Common along roadsides, sandy localities, riverbeds, and fields (up to 2600 m). Sankri. May-June.
• 398. Picris hieracioides L., Common on hillslopes (2000-2500 m). On way to Harkidoon. July-September.
• 399. Picrosia longifolia D. Don, Occasional in mixed temperate (1000-2000 m). On way to Taluka. May-June.
• 400. Prenanthes brunoniana Wall, ex DC., Common throughout the sanctuary (up to 3500 m). Taluka and Seema. On way to Harkidoon. July-September.
• 401. Sonchus wightianus DC., Common in moist places (1500-2500 m). Sankri. March-June.
• 402. Stenoseris graciliflora (Wall, ex DC.) C. Shih, Occasional along roadsides near mixed temperate (up to 1800 m). Kedarkantha. June-October.
• 403. Taraxacum eriopodum (D. Don) DC., Scattered on hillslopes (3300- 4500 m). On way to Jamnidhar Glacier. July-September.
• 404. Taraxacum officinale Weber, Common in rocky and moist in deodar forests (1500— 4000 m). Sankri. On way to Harkidoon. On way to Jamnidhar Glacier. Almost throughout the year.
• 405. Tragopogon gracilis D. Don, Few on open hillslopes and amidst grasses in coniferous forests (1600-3000 m). On way to Jakhol. April-June.
• 406. Youngia japonica (L.) DC., Occasional on shady hillslopes, moist sandy soils, and near cultivated fields (1600-2000 m). Sankri and Taluka-Seema. March-June.
• 407. Acanthospermum hispidum DC., Common along the road-sides and in waste places (1400-1700 m). Naitwar- Sankri. January-July.
• 408. Adenocaulon himalaicum Edgew., Common on hillslopes (2000-2500 m). Taluka-Seema. August-September.
• 409. Bidens bipinnata L., Common in moist places near mixed temperate (up to 950 m). Naitwar. September-April.
• 410. Galinsogaparviflora Cav., Icon., Common in wet places and fallow fields. Naitwar, Sankri, and Himri. May-December.
• 411. Sigesbeckia orientalis L., Common in waste places (up to 2500 m). On way to Sankri and Jakhol. June-October.
• 412. Xanthium strumarium L., Common as a weed in waste places (up to 1400 m). On way to Jakhol. June-October.
• 413. Anaphalis adnata Wall, ex DC., Common in open grassy hillslopes near mixed temperate (1500-3000 m). Naitwar. On way to Seema. July-October.
• 414. Anaphalis busua (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) DC., Common on open hillslopes (1500- 3000 m). Ruinsara Tal. On way to Seema and Naitwar. Almost throughout the year.
• 415. Anaphalis contorta (D. Don) Hook. /, Common throughout the area (1800- 3500 m). On way to Seema and Deokyar. July-March.
• 416. Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. Common in open hillslopes near mixed temperate (2800-3500 m). On way to Seema. July-October.
• 417. Anaphalis nepalensis (Spreng.) Hand- Mazz. var. monocephala (DC.) Hand.- Mazz., Common among rocks, stony screes, and on hillslopes (2000-4500 m). On way to Barasu Pass. July-October.

• 418. Anaphalis nepalensis (Spreng.) Hand.- Mazz. var. nepalensis., Common on hill- slopes in mixed temperate (1800-3500 m). On way to Barasu Pass and Harkidoon. July-October.
• 419. Anaphalis royleana DC., Common on hill- slopes and in open places (3000-4500 m). On way to Jamnidhar Glacier. August-October.
• 420. Anaphalis triplinervis (Sims.) C.B. Clarke, Common on hillslopes in mixed temperate (1800-3500 m). On way to Seema and Kedarkantha. July-October.
• 421. Bluinea obliqua (L.) Druce, Common in moist shady places. Sankri. May-June.
• 422. Carpesium abrotanoides L., Common along roadsides and open waste places (1100-2500 m). On way to Sankri. September-November.
• 423. Carpesium nepalense Less., Common on open waste places (1600-2500 m). On way to Jamnidhar Glacier and Seema. On way to Naitwar. September-October.
• 424. Duhaldea cuspidata (DC.) Anderb., Occasional in mixed temperate (1500- 2100 m). On way to Naitwar. On way to Sankri. June-September.
• 425. Inula orientalis Lam., Common in moist shady places (up to 3200 m). On way to Seema. June-September.
• 426. Leonopodium himalayanum DC., Scattered in open moist alpine slopes and near snow lines (3000-4500 m). On way to Jamnidhar. July-September.
• 427. Pseudognaphalium luteoalbum (L.) Hilliard & B.L. Burtt, Common in exposed areas. Naitwar. December-January.
• 428. Ainsliaea aptera DC., Common in shady places near mixed temperate (1700-2500 m). On way to Seema. May-September.
• 429. Ainsliaea latifolia (D. Don) Sch.-Bip., Common in shady places near mixed temperate (1700-2500 m). Kalajungle. May-September.
• 430. Gerbera maxima (D. Don) Beauv., Common in open grassy slopes (1800- 3400). On way to Harkidoon. July-October.
• 431. Cremanthodium arnicoides (DC. ex Royle) R.D. Good, Common on hill- slopes and associated with Senecio sp., Pedicularis sp., Thermopsis sp., Geranium sp., etc. (2800-3800 m). Kalajungle and Harkidoon. July-October.
• 432. Ligularia amplexicaulis DC., Common on hillslopes and amidst boulders (3000-4000 m). On way to Harkidoon. July-October.
• 433. Ligularia fischeri (Ledeb.) Turcz., Fairly common in moist shady places (up to 2800 m). Seema. July-October.
• 434. Senecio graciliflorus DC., Common on hillslopes (3000-4000 m). On way to Ruinsara Tal. July-October.
• 435. Senecio laetus Edgew., Common almost throughout the sanctuary (1800-4000 m). Taluka. On way to Seema. On way to Kedarkantha. On way to Harkidoon. July-October.
• 436. Senecio nudicaulis Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don, Fairly common in exposed places (1600-2600 m). Sankri. On way to Jakhol. July-October.
• 437. Synotis alata (Wall, ex DC.) Jeffery & Chen, Fairly common in shady places near mixed temperate (2000-3500 m). On way to Kedarkantha and Harkidoon. July-September.
• 438. Synotis kunthiana (Wall, ex DC.) Jeffery & Chen, Common on hillslopes and in shady places near mixed temperate (2300-3500 m). Near Jamnidhar Glacier. July-September.
• 439. Synotis rufinervis (DC.) Jeffery & Chen, Common on hillslopes in mixed temperate (2500-3500 m). On way to Taluka. On way to Seema. July-October.
• 64. CAMPANULACEAE
• 440. Campanula colorata Wall., Common along the bridal path in mixed temperate (2400-3200 m). Naitwar, Sankri, and Seema. May-September.
• 441. Campanula latifolia L., Occasional on hillslopes and amidst grasses near alpine regions (3300-4000 m). Kalhattidhar and Harkidoon. July-October.
• 442. CodonopsisrotundifoliaBenlh.,Occasiom on hillslopes, along the bridal path and twining over bushes (2800-4000 m). On way to Harkidoon. July-September.
• 443. Cyananthus integer Wall, ex Benth., Common in hillslopes (2200-3400 m). Kalhattidhar. On way to Harkidoon. August-October.
• 444. Cyananthus lobatus Wall, ex Benth., Common in alpine meadows (3400- 4000 m). Hatta Valley and Kedarkantha bugyal. July-October.
• 65. ERICACEAE
• 445. Cassiopefastigiata (Wall.) D. Don, Common on hillslopes near alpine regions (3500- 4500 m). On way to Deokyar and Harkidoon. Above Ruinsara Tal. July-October.

• 446. Gaultheria trichophylla Royle, Common in grassy hillslopes and in moist shady places near subalpine-alpine regions (2800-4000 m). Deokyar. On way to Jamnidhar Glacier. July-October.
• 447. Lyonia ovalifolia (Wall.) Drude, Common along the river sides in mixed forests (1400-2800 m). Naitwar, Harkidoon, Sankri, and Seema. May-October.
• 448. Rhododendron arboreum Sm., Common throughout the area in mixed temperate forests (1600-2800 m). Seen from Sankri to Taluka. April-October.
• 449. Rhododendron campanulatum D. Don, Common on hillslopes and forming gregarious patches in alpine regions (3300- 4000 m). On way to Jamnidhar Glacier and Harkidoon. On way to Maninda Tal. May-October.
• 450. Rhododendron hypenanthum Balf/', Common on hillslopes and in rocky places with Betula sp., Juniperus sp., etc. (3300- 4500 m). Kedarkantha and Deokyar. On way to Jamnidhar Glacier, Kalajungle, and Ruinsara Tal. May-October.
• 451. Rhododendron lepidotum Wall, ex G. Don, Common on rocky places in association with Rhododendron hypenanthum, etc. near alpine regions (3300-4500 m). Kedarkantha. On way to Jamnidhar Glacier and Harkidoon. May-October.
• 66. PRIMULACEAE
• 452. Androsace geraniifolia Watt., Common on open grassy hillslopes near cold temperate to alpine regions (2500-4000 m). Sankri. May-October.
• 453. Androsace globifera Duby, Occasional on hillslopes, in open places and amidst grasses near alpine regions (2500-3200 m). On way to Harkidoon. May-October.
• 454. Androsace lanuginosa Wall., Common on open grassy hillslopes in temperate to subalpine regions (1800-3000 m). On way to Kalhattidhar. May-October.
• 455. Androsace poissonii R. Knuth, Common on open hillslopes (3200-4500 m). Barasu Pass. July-October.
• 456. Androsace rotundifolia Hardw., Common on open dry hillslopes and in sandy places near temperate to alpine regions (1800-3800 m). Seema. Near Bingad. May-September.
• 457. Androsace sarmentosa Wall., Common on open hillslopes and rocky crevices in cold temperate to alpine regions (2800-4000 m). On way to Taluka. May-September.
• 458. Lysimachia lobelioides Wall., Common in waste places and along the roadsides near mixed temperate (1500-2000 m). Naitwar. On way to Taluka. June-October.
• 459. Primula denticulata Smith, Common on hillslopes in cold temperate to alpine regions (2800-4000 m). Sankri, Hatta Valley, and Deokyar. May-September.
• 460. Primula involucrata Wall, ex Duby, Occasional on moist rocky places near alpine regions (3300-4500 m). On way to Barasu Pass. May-September.
• 461. Primula minutissima Jacq. ex Duby, Few- on hillslopes in alpine regions (3500- 4000 m). Deokyar. May-September.
• 462. Primula sessilis Royle ex Craib, Rare in humus rich soil and partially shaded places (up to 3500 m). Harkidoon and Deokyar. May-September.
• 67. MYRSINACEAE
• 463. Ardisia solanacea Roxb., Fairly common in damper parts, especially along shady ravines. Naiwar. February-November.
• 68. SYMPLOCOCACEAE
• 464. Symplocos paniculata (Thunb.) Miq.,

Common along the bridle path in mixed temperate (1600-2500 m). Naitwar,

Taluka, Kedarkantha, and Sankri. April-June.

• 465. Symplocos ramosissima Wall, ex G. Don, Occasional in mixed temperate (1800- 2600 m). On way to Sankri and Taluka. April-June.
• 466. Jasminum humile L., Common along the bridal path in mixed temperate (1600— 2800 m). Sankri. Near Gangar Bridge. March-October.
• 467. Jasminum officinale L., Common along the bridal path, both open and shady places in mixed temperate (1800-2800 m). Sankri and Taluka. On way to Jakhol and Seema. April-August.
• 468. Olea ferruginea Royle, Occasional in the lower hills, often planted. April-October.
• 469. Syringa emodi Wall, ex Royle, Common in Quercus semicarpifolia, Abies sp., forests near cold temperate to alpine regions (3000-3600 m). On way to Harkidoon. May-October.
• 69. APOCYNACEAE
• 470. Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) R. Br., Occasional hanging over wet rocks. Naitwar, near Mautad Village. September-April.

• 70. ASCLEPIADACEAE
• 471. Marsdenia roylei Wight & Arn., Common on open places and along the bridal path (1600-2500 m). Naitwar. May-July.
• 472. Vincetoxicum auriculatum (Royle ex Wight) A.R Jagtap & N.R Singh, Few along the bridal path and climbing over bushes in mixed temperate (up to 2600 m). On way to Seema. June-October.
• 473. Vincetoxicum hirudinaria Medic., Common on hillslopes and amidst grasses in cold temperate to alpine regions (2800-3600 m). Kalhattidhar. June-October.
• 71. BUDDLEJACEAE
• 474. Buddleja paniculata Wall, in Roxb., Frequent in exposed and rocky areas (1500-2200 m). Sankri and Naitwar. April-November.
• 72. GENTIANACEAE
• 475. Comastoina pedunculatum (Royle ex D. Don) Holub, Common on hillslopes and amidst grasses (3500-4500 m). On way Jamnidhar Glacier. June-October.
• 476. Gentiana argentea (D. Don) C.B. Clarke, Fairly common on hillslopes and amidst grasses (3800-4000 m). Hatta Valley. April—July.
• 477. Gentiana coronata (D. Don ex Royle) Griseb., Common on hillslopes and alpine meadows (3800-4800 m). Barasu Pass, Deokyar, Harkidoon, and Hatta Valley. July-November.
• 478. Gentiana stipitata Edgew., Occasional on hillslopes, in moist shady places, and amidst grasses (2800-3500 m). On way to Harkidoon. June-October.
• 479. Gentiana tubiflora (Wall, ex G. Don) Griseb., Common in open grassy fields and alpine meadows (4200-5200 m). Barasu Pass. August-October.
• 480. Gentianodes eumarginata Omer, Common in open moist grassy fields and alpine meadows (4000-5000 m). Barasu Pass, Deokyar, and Hatta Valley. May-September.
• 481. Gentianopsis paludosa (Munro ex Hook, f.) Ma, Scattered on hillslopes, in shady places, and amidst grasses (2300-3400 m). Seema-Harkidoon. July-September.
• 482. Halenia elliptica D. Don, Common in shady places and in open grassy hillslopes (2500-4000 m). Seema-Harkidoon and Kedarkantha. June-October.
• 483. Lomatogonium carinthiacum (Wulfen) Recb., Occasional in open grassy hillslopes (2500-4000 m). On way to Harkidoon. September-October.
• 484. Swertia alternifolia Royle ex D. Don, Common in open grassy fields (3500- 4200 m). Harkidoon. July-September.
• 485. Swertia angustifolia Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don, Common on shady hillslopes (2000-3000 m). On way to Kedarkantha. September-October.
• 486. Swertia chirayita (Roxb. ex Fleming) Karsten, Common on hillslopes and in shady places (2400-3000 m). On way to Kedarkantha. July-October.
• 487. Swertia ciliata (D. Don ex G. Don) B.L. Burtt., Common on grassy hillslopes (2400-3000 m). Kalhatti, Kedarkantha, and Seema. On way to Harkidoon. On way to Jamnidhar Glacier and Sankri. June-October.
• 488. Swertia cordata (G. Don) C.B. Clarke, Common on hillslopes, in shady places, and amidst grasses. On way to Harkidoon and Seema. June-October.
• 489. Swertia cuneata Wall, ex D. Don, Common on grassy hillslopes and in shady places (3200-4000 m). Hattagad. July-October.
• 490. Swertia petiolata D. Don, Occasional on open hillslopes and among grassy fields (3500-4500 m). On way to Barasu Pass and Harkidoon. July-October.
• 491. Swertia tetragona (Edgew.) C.B. Clarke, Occasional in open grassy fields (3200-4200 m). On way to Harkidoon. August-October.
• 492. Tripterosperinum volubile (D. Don)

H. Нага, Occasional in mixed temperate (2000-2700 m). On way to Taluka. August-October.

• 73. BORAGINACEAE
• 493. Arnebia benthamii (Wall, ex G. Don) Johnston, Common on grassy slopes (3200-4500 m). Harkidoon. On way to Jamnidhar Glacier, Barasu Pass, and Deokyer. July-October.
• 494. Cynoglossum lanceolatum Forssk., Occasional on hillslopes and along the bridal path in mixed temperate (1600-2400 m). Naitwar. On way to Taluka. June-August.
• 495. Cynoglossum zeylanicum (Vahl ex Hornem.) Thunb. ex Lehm. Common along the roadsides and in waste places (1800-3000 m). Naitwar, near Mautad Village. Seema. July-October.

• 496. Hackelia uncinata (Royle ex Benth.) C.E.C. Fisch., Common on hillslopes and amidst grasses (3000-4000 m). On way to Jamnidhar Glacier. June-September.
• 497. Lindelofia longiflora (Benth.) Baill.,

Common on hillslopes and in shady places (3000-4000 m). Seema-Harkidoon.

July-October.

• 498. Myosotis caespitosa C.F. Schultz, Occasional in open moist grassy places (2100-3400 m). Hatta Valley, Kedarkantha, and Barasu Pass. June-July.
• 499. Myosotis silvatica Ehrh. ex Hoffm., Common on hillslopes and in open places (3000-4000 m). On way to Harkidoon. June-October.
• 74. CONVOLVULACEAE
• 500. Cuscuta europaea L., Rare parasitic on bushes and along the roadsides (2800-3300 m). On way to Harkidoon. July-October.
• 501. Cuscuta gigantea Griff., Common parasitic on bushes and along the roadside (2700-3200 m). On way to Harkidoon. July-October.
• 502. Cuscuta reflexa Roxb., Occasional parasitic on bushes in waste places, along the roadside, and cultivated fields (1500— 2700 m). Seema. July-October.
• 503. Dinetus racemosus (Roxb.) Buch.-Ham. ex Sweet, Occasional in thickets and hillslopes (up to 2600 m). On way to Sankri. May-October.
• 504. Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L., Common along the roadsides and in waste places (1500-1800 m). Naitwar. Almost throughout the year.
• 505. Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth, Occasional climbing over bushes and along the roadsides (1500-2000 m). Naitwar. July-October.
• 506. Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth, Common in waste places and along the roadsides (1500-2000 m). Naitwar and Sankri- Taluka. July-October.
• 75. SOLANACEAE
• 507. Datura stramonium L., Common in waste places and along the roadsides (1600- 2400 m). Sankri-Taluka. May-September.
• 508. Nicandraphysalodes (L.) Gaertn., Common in waste places, cultivated fields, and along the roadsides (1500-2000 m). Naitwar, Taluka, and Dhatmir. July-October.
• 509. Physalis minima L., Occasional in waste places (up to 1500 m). Naitwar. July-August.
• 510. Solatium nigrum L., Common in moist shady places (1500-2000 m). Naitwar. May-October.
• 511. Solatium viarum Dunal, Few in waste places (1500-1700 m). Naitwar and Sankri. Throughout the year.
• 76. SCROPHULARIACEAE
• 512. Euphrasia himalayica Wettst., Common on hillslopes and amidst grasses (3200- 3500 m). Kalhattidhar. August-October.
• 513. Euphrasia kurramensis Pennell, Common on hillslopes (3200-4600 m). On way to Barasu Pass. June-September.
• 514. Euphrasia pectinata Wall., Common in grassy slopes and thickets (up to 4000 m). Harkidoon and Hatta Valley. June-September.
• 515. Euphrasia platyphylla Pennell, Occasional on hillslopes and amidst grasses (3000- 4000 m). Seema-Harkidoon. July-October.
• 516. Limnophila connata (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Hand.-Mazz., Fairly common along the bridal path, in waste places, and marshy areas (1500-1700 m). Naitwar. Throughout the year.
• 517. Litidenbergia polyantha Royle ex Benth., Common on mossy rocky crevices and on mossy boulders (1500-2000 m). Naitwar. Throughout the year.
• 518. Lindernia ciliata (Colsm.) Pennell, Occasional in wet sandy places (up to 1200 m). Naitwar. August-December.
• 519. Lindernia Crustacea (L.) F. Muell., Occasional in wet places. Naitwar. August-December.
• 520. Mazus dentatus Wall, ex Benth., Common in mixed temperate (up to 2500 m). On way to Taluka. March-October.
• 521. Mazus pumilus (Burm. /.) Steenis, Common in waste places and on grassy slopes (1500-2000 m). On way to Istragad. March-October.
• 522. Mazus surculosus D. Don, Common in waste places and on grassy slopes (1500- 2500 m) Naitwar, Seema, and Jakhol. March-October.
• 523. Pedicularis bifida (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Pennell, Common on hillslopes and amidst grasses (2000-3000 m). On way to Taluka. June-October.
• 524. Pedicularis cheilanthifolia Schrenkvar. purpurea (Pennel) Tsoong ex T. Husain & Agnihotri, Occasional in moist slopes in gullies and on moist plains near alpine regions (3500-4500 m). Harkidoon. On way to Maninda Tal. July-August.

• 525. Pedicularis gracilis Wall, ex Benth., Common on hillslopes and amidst grasses (2500-4000 m). Taluka and Seema. On way to Barasu Pass. July-October.
• 526. Pedicularis hoffineisteri Klotzsch & Garcke, Common in Quercussemicarpifolia-Abies sp. forests on hillslopes and in open places near cold alpine regions (2700-3500 m). Seema-Harkidoon. On way to Hatta Valley and Ruinsara Tal. July-October.
• 527. Pedicularis mollis Wall, ex Benth., Rare on moist sandy areas (3800-4800 m). Harkidoon. July-September.
• 528. Pedicularis pectinata Wall, ex Benth., Common on hillslopes and amidst grasses (3000-4500 m). On way to Barasu Pass. On way to Jamnidhar Glacier, Hatta Valley, and Harkidoon. June-October.
• 529. Pedicularis punctata Decne., Common on open hillslopes and in moist places (3000-4000 m). On way to Barasu Pass and Harkidoon. June-October.
• 530. Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Benth., Common on open hillslopes, sandy gravel soils, rocks, and amidst grasses (3200- 4000 m). Barasu Pass, Harkidoon, and Deokyar. July-September.
• 531. Scrophularia calycilia Benth., Common on hillslopes, amidst grasses, and in shady places (2800-3700 m). On way to Harkidoon. May-October.
• 532. Scrophularia edgeworthii Benth., Occasional in moist shady places (1600— 3000 m). On way to Seema. August-October.
• 533. Scrophularia polyantha Royle ex Benth., Common in moist shady places (1600- 2700 m). Seema and Sankri. July-October.
• 534. Torenia cordifolia Roxb., Occasional on moist places (up to 1000 m). Naitwar. July-October.
• 535. Verbascum thapsus L., Common on exposed hillslopes and along the roadsides (1500-3200 m). Naitwar and Seema. April-November.
• 536. Veronica anagallis-aquatica L.,

Common in stream banks and swampy places. Naitwar. February-July.

• 77. GESNERIACEAE
• 537. Chirita puniila D. Don, Common on rocks, cliffs, and among grassy clumps (up to 2200 m). Sankri. July-October.
• 78. ACANTHACEAE
• 538. Barleria cristata L., Common along the roadsides (up to 1000 m). On way to Naitwar and Jakhol. May-October.
• 539. Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees, Common at Naitwar. May-December.
• 540. Justicia diffusa Willd., Common in moist areas near mixed temperate. On way to Naitwar. August-October.
• 541. Rungia pectinata (L.) Nees, Common in mixed temperate (up to 900 m). Naitwar. July-August.
• 542. Strobilanthes pentstemonoides (Nees) T. Anderson var. dalhousieanus (Nees) J.R.I. Wood, Common in moist shady places and as forests undergrowth in mixed temperate (up to 2450 m). On way to Jakhol. July-October.
• 543. Strobilanthes wallichii Nees, Common in moist shady places and gregarious as the forest undergrowth near mixed temperate (950-3200 m). Sankri and Taluka. On way Jakhol. July-October.
• 79. VERBENACEAE
• 544. Verbena officinalis L., Common in open places and along roadsides (up 1500 m). Naitwar. May-December.
• 80. PHRYMACEAE
• 545. Phryma leptostachya L. var. oblongifo-

lia (Koidz.) Honda, Common on way to Jakhol. July-September.

• 81. LAMIACEAE
• 546. Ajuga bracteosa Wall, ex Benth., Common on rocky slopes and along the roadsides. Naitwar. On way to Seema. April-October.
• 547. Ajuga brachystemon Maxim., Common on hillslopes (2500-3300 m). On way to Kalhattidhar. June-October.
• 548. Ajuga parviflora Benth., Common in the foothills, along roadsides, and nearby cultivated fields. Naitwar. March-October.
• 549. Anisoineles indica (L.) Kuntze, Common along banks of canals, irrigation channels, and roadsides. Naitwar. April-October.
• 550. Clinopodium umbrosum (M. Bieb.) C. Koch. Common in forest shade and damp places. Naitwar, on way to Taluka. On way to Seema. March-September.
• 551. Craniotome furcata (Link) Kuntze, Common in moist shady places (up to 3200 m). Taluka-Seema. July-October.
• 552. Dracocephalum wallichii Sealy, Common in alpine meadows (4200- 4700 m). Maninda Tal, Barasu Pass. July-September.

• 553. Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyl., Common along the roadsides, disturbed areas. On way to Naitwar. August-December.
• 554. Elsholtzia eriostachya (Benth.) Benth. Common in moist shady places. Taluka, Seema, Kalhattidhar, and Harkidoon. July-October.
• 555. Elsholtziaflava (Benth.) Benth., Common along the roadsides. On way to Sankri. September-October.
• 556. Elsholtzia fruticosa (D. Don) Rehder, Occasional in forest openings and among scrubs. Sankri and Seema. July-November.
• 557. Elsholtzia strobilifera (Benth.) Benth., Common on hillslopes near alpine regions. Harkidoon. June-October.
• 558. Isodon coetsa (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Kudo, Common along the roadsides, moist shady places. Naitwar, Taluka, Seema, and Kedarkantha. August-December.
• 559. Isodon lophanthoides (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) H. Нага, Common in moist shady places near mixed temperate (1000- 2500 m). Dodital, Sankri, and Seema. August-October.
• 560. Isodon rugosus (Wall, ex Benth.) Codd., Common on scrubby and savanna slopes (up to 2700 m). Seema. February-September.
• 561. Lamium album L., Common among scrubs on humus rich soils (up to 3200 m). Taluka-Seema. August-October.
• 562. Leucas lanata Benth., Locally common in moist sunny and dry places (1500- 2300 m). On way to Taluka and Istragad. January-June.
• 563. Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds., Common along canal banks and irrigation channels (up to 950 m). On way to Naitwar. July-November.
• 564. Micromeria biflora (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Benth., Occasional along pathways near dry slopes (900-2000 m). Naitwar and Taluka. March-November.
• 565. Mosla ocymoides Buch.-Ham. ex Benth., Occasional in mixed deciduous forests (750-1200 m). Naitwar. August-October.
• 566. Nepeta discolor Royle ex Benth., Very common almost throughout the areas (850-1650 m). Hatta Valley. July-October.
• 567. Nepeta govaniana (Wall, ex Benth.) Benth., Occasional along streamlines and on humus rich soils (up to 3500 m). Seema. On way to Harkidoon. July-September.
• 568. Nepeta laevigata (D. Don) Hand.-Mazz., Very common in open shady places and near scrub forests (2200-4500 m). On way to Jamnidhar Glacier, Harkidoon, Seema, and Kalhattidhar. August-January.
• 569. Origanum vulgare L., Fairly common on dry open, scrubby, and savanna slopes (up to 3600 m). Harkidoon and Naitwar. August-November.
• 570. Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt., Common along the roadsides (800-1200 m). On way to Naitwar. September-November.
• 571. Phlomis bracteosa Royle ex Benth., Very common on alpine meadows and on rocky slopes (3500-4900 m). Kedarkantha bugyal. On way to Barasu Pass. July-December.
• 572. Phlomis macrophylla Wall, ex Benth., Common on hillslopes (1300-3000 m). On way to Seema. May-September.
• 573. Plectranthus barbatus Andrews, Occasional on open rocky places (up to 1800 m). On way Jakhol. July-October.
• 574. Prunella vulgaris L., Common in shady places and along the edges of rice fields. Sankri. On way to Kedarkantha. July-December.
• 575. Salvia hians Royle ex Benth., Common along the lesser water courses, on open grassy and rocky slopes. Naitwar. July-December.
• 576. Salvia lanata Roxb., Common along the roadsides (up to 2300 m). Sankri. March-April.
• 577. Salvia nubicola Wall, ex Sweet, Common in savanna slopes and among scrubs. On way to Taluka and Kedarkantha. July-March.
• 578. Scutellaria scandens Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don, Common on hillslopes (2000- 3000 m). On way to Dhatmir. April-May.
• 579. Stachysbikrainii Aswal & Melhotra, Very common on open slopes, shady places, forest openings, and along forest pathways. Seema, Harkidoon, and Sankri. July-January.
• 580. Teucrium royleanum Wall, ex Benth., Common on hillslopes and amidst stones by the side of dry streams (2200-3200 m). Seema. April-August.
• 581. Thymus serpyllum L. subsp. quinque- costatus (Celsk.) Kitmura, Common on dry rocky slopes, less so in scrubby areas (3200-4500 m). On way to Jamnidhar Glacier, Barasu Pass, and Kalhattidhar. February-May.

• 82. PLANTAGINACEAE
• 582. Plantago depressa Willd., Common along roadsides in moist places. Sankri. On way to Taluka and Naitwar. April-October.
• 583. Plantago erosa Wall, in Roxb., Occasional along roadsides and open areas. On way to Taluka and Naitwar. May-August.
• 83. AMARANTHACEAE
• 584. Achyranthes aspera L., Fairly common in the fallow fields and along roadsides (800- 2500 m). Naitwar. Sankri, and Taluka. March-November.
• 585. Achyranthes bidentata Blume, Common in open places (800-2500 m). Naitwar, Sankri, and Taluka. October-December.
• 586. Cyathula tomentosa (Roth) Moq. Common in open moist areas and waste places (up to 2300 m). Naitwar and Sankri. On way to Taluka. September-December.
• 84. CHENOPODIACEAE
• 587. Acroglochin persicarioides (Poir.) Moq., Fairly common along riverbeds and roadsides (up to 850 m). On way to Seema. July-September.
• 588. Chenopodium anibrosioides L., Fairly common along riverbeds and roadsides (up to 850 m). On way to Naitwar. September-March.
• 589. Chenopodium hybridum L., Common along roadsides and near moist places (up to 2000 m). Taluka. July-October.
• 590. Chenopodium opulifolium Schrad. ex Koch & Ziz., Common along roadsides and near moist places (up to 2000 m). Taluka. July-October.
• 85. PHYTOLACCACEAE
• 591. Phytolacca acinosa Roxb., Fairly common along riverbeds and roadsides (900- 2200 m). On way to Jakhol. On way to Taluka. May-September.
• 86. POLYGONACEAE
• 592. Aconogonon rumicifolium (Royle ex Bab.) H. Нага, Rare on moist hillslopes, along streams and among crevices (3000- 4500 m). On way to Barasu Pass. On way to Jamnidhar Glacier. June-July.
• 593. Bistorta affinis (D. Don) Greene, Common on open slopes, edges, and rocky places (3000-4800 m). Harkidoon and Hattagad. June-September.
• 594. Bistorta amplexicaulis (D. Don) Green, Abundant in moist shady places and fallow

fields. On way to Taluka and Seema. On way to Kedarkantha. On way to Jamnidhar Glacier. June-October.

• 595. Bistorta macrophylla (D. Don) Sojak, Common along the cultivated fields. Sankri and Hatta Valley. June-September.
• 596. Bistorta vivipara (L.) S.F. Gray, Common in moist shady areas and steep slopes (2500-4500 m). On way to Jamnidhar Glacier and Hatta Valley. June-August.
• 597. Fagopyrum esculentum Moench, Commonly cultivated for its nuts and has become naturalized almost throughout the sanctuary. Sankri, Jakhol, and Taluka to Seema. On way to Harkidoon. August-October.
• 598. Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn., Common on hillslopes (2300-3500 m). Taluka to Seema. On way to Harkidoon. August-October.
• 599. Fallopia convolvulus (L.) A. Love, Common as a weed in cultivated fields and moist shady (1500-3500 m). Naitwar. May-September.
• 600. Koenigia nepalensis D. Don, Common in moist places and under rocks with mosses (3500-4200 m). On way to Hatta Valley and Harkidoon. July-September.
• 601. Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill, Very common in wet soil and shady areas (2700-3600 m). Harkidoon and Deokyar. May-August.
• 602. Persicaria barbata (L.) H. Нага, Occasional along streams and riverbanks (800-1200 m). Taluka, on way to Naitwar. Almost throughout the year.
• 603. Persicaria capitata (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) H. Gross, Occasional on moist rocky places (1200-2200 m). Sankri. On way to Naitwar. May-August.
• 604. Persicaria chinensis (L.) H. Gross, Occasional on hillslopes and amidst grasses (1000-1800 m). Sankri and Taluka. September-November.
• 605. Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Spach, Common in ditches, on banks, and moist shady places (up to 2000 m). Taluka and Naitwar. April-September.
• 606. Persicaria nepalensis (Meisn.) H. Gross, Common along water canals and in moist shady rocky places (1200-3500 m). Seema, Naitwar, and Taluka. On way to Hatta Valley. June-September.
• 607. Polygonum aviculare L., Common as a weed in cultivated fields, on moist shady areas (up to 3500 m). On way to Jamnidhar Glacier. March-September.

• 608. Polygonum microcephalum var.sphaero- cephalum (Wall, ex Meisn.) H. Нага, Common in marshy places (up to 1800 m). Naitwar. June-August.
• 609. Polygonum plebeium R. Br., Fairly common in open moist places and along roadsides (up to 1800 m). Naitwar. August-October.
• 610. Polygonum recumbens Royle ex Bab., Fairly common along dry streams near moist deciduous forests (1500-4000 m). On way to Naitwar and Taluka-Seema. September-March.
• 611. Polygonum vacciniifolium Wall, ex Meisn., Common on mountain slopes and rocky crevices (3000-4200 m). Harkidoon. August-October.
• 612. Rubrivena polystachya (Wall, ex Meisn.) M. Krai, Occasional on rocks, slopes, slightly drier places (1500-3000 m). Taluka and Harkidoon. June-September.
• 613. Rumex acetosa L., Common on slopes and moist rocks (2000-4500 m). On way to Jamnidhar Glacier, Kedarkantha bug- yal. July-September.
• 614. Rumex dentatus L., Fairly common in moist areas (up to 3000 m). Naitwar. January-May.
• 615. Rumex hastatus D. Don, Abundance along roadsides, on dry slopes, rocks, and exposed areas near habitation (700- 2660 m). Sankri. June-October.
• 616. Rumex nepalensis Spreng., Common on slopes, waste, and moist shady places (900-2000 m). Sankri and Taluka. June-September.
• 87 PIPERACEAE
• 617. Peperomia tetraphylla (Forst./) Hook./ & Arn., Occasional in mixed temperate. On way to Naitwar. April-November.
• 88. SAURURACEAE
• 618. Houttuynia cordata Thunb., Rare associated with Acorus calamus and sedges in marshy places (1500-2000 m). Near forest nursery, Naitwar, and Sankri. May-June.
• 89. LAURACEAE
• 619. Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.)

T. Nees et Nees, Rare in damp ravines. Naitwar. April-October.

620. Neolitsea pollens (D. Don) Momiya. &

H. Нага, Common in shady valleys near Deodar, Rhododendron and Quercus forests. Sankri. On way to Taluka. March-July.

• 621. Neolitsea umbrosa (Nees) Gamble, Occasional in mixed temperate. Sankri and Taluka. March-October.
• 622. Persea gamblei (King ex Hook. /) Kosterm., Common in mixed temperate. On way to Seema. March-October.
• 623. Persea odoratissima (Nees) Kosterm., Common in moist forests. March-June.
• 90. THYMELAEACEAE
• 624. Wikstroemia chamaedapline (Bunge) Meisn., Fairly common in moist shady places. On way to Sankri. April— September.
• 91. ELAEAGNACEAE
• 625. Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb., Common in ravine, but occasional in Quercus forests, open dry places, gravelly hills, and along roadsides (850-1600 m). Naitwar. Apri 1-May.
• 626. Hippophae rhamnoides L. subsp. tuke- stanica Rousi, Occasional on open mountain slopes and moist sandy soil (900-1200 m). Sankri. June-September.
• 627. Hippophae salicifolia D. Don, Common in moist gravel or stony areas, often beside rivers or streams. On way to Seema. June-September.
• 92. VISCACEAE
• 628. Viscum articulatum Burnt./, Common in deciduous forests. July-September.
• 93. EUPHORBIACEAE
• 629. Acalypha superba Forssk., Occasional in moist places. Naitwar. July-September.
• 630. Euphorbia cornigera Boiss. var. cog- nata (Klotzsch & Garcke) Binojk. &

N.P. Balakr., Occasionally found growing in alpine meadows, margins of open forests (3200-4000 m). Seen, on way to Harkidoon. June-August.

• 631. Euphorbia indica Lam., Fairly common in open places, weed along streams and riverbanks (800-2000 m). Naitwar. On way to Sankri. May-September.
• 632. Euphorbia prostrata Aiton, Common in lawns, wastelands, and fields (up to 2000 m). Naitwar. May-October.
• 633. Euphorbia royleana Boiss., Occasional on rocky and exposed slopes (up to 1600 m). May-October.
• 634. Euphorbia thymifolia L., Common in open and wastelands (up to 1800 m). Naitwar. December-August.

• 635. Glochidion heyneanum (Wight & Arn.) Wight, Occasional in moist deciduous forests (up to 900 m). September-December.
• 636. Leptopus cordifolius Wall, ex Decne., Fairly common on moist rocks and along roadsides (up to 2000 m). Naitwar and Sankri. March-June.
• 637. Phyllanthus emblica L., Occasional along the roadsides near mixed temperate. February-October.
• 638. Phyllanthus pseudoparvifolius R.L. Mitra & Sanjappa, On shady banks near water, and on limestone rocks (to 2440 m). Taluka-Seema. August-October.
• 639. Phyllanthus urinaria L., Common in shade places and along streams near mixed temperate (to 1200 m). Naitwar. June-October.
• 640. Ricinus communis L., Uses: Oil obtained from the seeds is used in muscular pain and body ache.
• 94. BUXACEAE
• 641. Buxus wallichiana Baill., Common in mixed temperate (1800-3000 m). On way to Seema, Jakhol. May-September.
• 642. Sarcococca saligna (D. Don) Muell.- Arg. Common in moist shady places near deodar forests (2000-3500 m). Sankri, Taluka-Seema, and Jakhol. May-October.
• 95. URTICACEAE
• 643. Debregeasia longifolia (Bunn./.) Wedd., Fairly common in scrub forests (1500 m). Naitwar. July-January.
• 644. Debregeasia salicifolia (D. Don) Rendle, Fairly common along streams and shady depressions (up to 2000 m). Naitwar. March-August.
• 645. Elatostema monandrum (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) H. Нага, Common in mixed temperate (1200-2800 m). On way to Taluka. On way to Seema. June-September.
• 646. Elatostema sessile J.R. Forst. & G. Forst., Fairly common in moist forests (2400 m). Sankri. On way to Seema. June-November.
• 647. Girardinia diversifolia (Link) Friis, Occasional in moist deciduous forests (850-2200 m). Naitwar and Taluka. September-December.
• 648. Gonostegia hirta (Blume ex Hassk.) Miq. Common along roadsides (850-2200 m). Naitwar and Sankri. On way to Taluka. July-October.
• 649. Lecanthus peduncularis (Royle) Wedd., Common on hillslopes and moist shady places (800-2300 m). Naitwar and Taluka. On way to Seema. August-November.
• 650. Parietaria micrantha Ledeb., Common on rocky and moist shady places (800-2300 m). On way to Seema. August-October.
• 651. Pilea scripta (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Wedd., Occasional in wet places, along old walls (1500-2000 m). On way to Taluka. August-November.
• 652. Pilea umbrosa Blume, Fairly common in moist shady places (1000-1800 m). On way to Sankri and Taluka. June-October.
• 653. Pouzolzia zeylanica (L.) Benn. & R. Br., Rare in moist shady places (up to 1200 m). Naitwar. On way to Sankri. September-December.
• 654. Urtica ardens Link, Common along

the roadsides near mixed temperate (1000-2800 m). On way to Taluka. March-August.

655. Urtica dioica L., Common in moist

shady places (1500 m). Naitwar.

September-January.

• 656. Villebrunea frutescens (Thunb.) Blume, Common in moist shady places (1830 m). Sankri. May-October.
• 96. ULMACEAE
• 657. Celtis australis L., Occasional in moist mixed temperate (up to 2200 m). On way to Taluka. July-October.
• 658. Ulmus wallichiana Planch., Occasional in moist mixed temperate (up to 2200 m). On way to Taluka. July-October.
• 97. CANNABACEAE
• 659. Cannabis sativa L., Common throughout the sanctuary except glacier (800- 3830 m). Sankri, Taluka, and Seema. June-September.
• 98. MORACEAE
• 660. Ficus benghalensis L., Occasionally planted along the roadsides in village areas. May-June.
• 661. Ficus hederacea Roxb., Fairly common, found creeping on moist rocks and other trees (up to 1800 m). Naitwar. May-June.
• 662. Ficus hispida L./, Infrequent in moist deciduous to semi-evergreen forests (up to 1600 m). Naitwar. November-May.
• 663. Ficus palmata Forssk., Common on hot dry slopes in clay-loam soils (up to 2500 m). Near Sankri and Naitwar. May-November.

• 664. Ficus sarmentosa Buch.-Ham. ex Sm., Occasional found creeping on rocks and in crevices or climbing on other trees with the help of adventitious roots (up to 2300 m). Taluka and Jakhol. May-September.
• 665. Morns serrata Roxb., Common in mixed temperate and along roadsides (1200- 2700 m). Naitwar. Taluka. On way to Seema. March-May.
• 99. JUGLANDACEAE
• 666. Engelhardtia spicata Leschen. ex Blume, Common and often gregarious in mixed temperate (1000-1600 m). Naitwar. Near Matuad Village. March-June.
• 667. Juglans regia L., Common along roadsides and cultivated fields (1000-2300 m). Sankri and Taluka. April-October.
• 100 MYRICACEAE
• 668. Myrica esculenta Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don, Grows in open, mixed temperate on mountain slopes. August-May.
• 101 BETULACEAE
• 669. Alnus nepalensis D. Don, Common in mixed temperate (1000-1600 m). Naitwar and Sankri. October-December.
• 670. Alnus nitida (Spach) Endl., Common on roadside and along streams near mixed temperate (1000-1600 m). Sankri-Jakhol. September-October.
• 671. Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don, Common in hillslopes near mixed temperate (2000-3000 m). Taluka-Seema. August-November.
• 672. Betula utilis D. Don, Common on hillslopes and found associated with Rhododendron spp., Juniperus sp., etc. (2300-4200 m). On way to Jamnidhar Glacier, Ruinsara Tal. August-November.
• 673. Carpinus viminea Lindley, Grows in mixed temperate. April-September.
• 674. Corylus colurna L., Common in hillslopes, often gregarious near mixed temperate (1600-3300 m). Seema. On way to Taluka. March-April.
• 102 FAGACEAE
• 675. Castanea sativa Mill., Occasional in mixed deciduous forests (1000-1830 m). Naitwar. April-August.
• 676. Quercus dilatata Lindl. ex Royle, Common in mixed temperate and associated with Cedrus deodara, Quercus sp., etc. Sankri. April-August.
• 677. Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus, Common and often gregarious on hillslopes (1000-2700 m). April-September.
• 678. Quercus semecarpifolia Sm., Very common often associated with Abies sp., Picea sp., etc. at higher zones (2500-3000 m). Sankri, Seema, Taluka, and Jakhol. May-June.
• 103 SALICACEAE
• 679. Populus ciliata Wall, ex Royle, Common in exposed places and often cultivated. Naitwar. March-June.
• 680. Salix acmophylla Boiss., February-April
• 681. Salix flabellaris Andersson, Common in open hillslopes (up to 4000 m). On way to Maninda Tal. On way to Barasu Pass and Hattagad. June-September.
• 682. Salix denticulata Andersson, Common in open hillslopes (3500-4500 m). Harkidoon. On way to Jamnidhar Glacier. April-May.

II. MONOCOTYLEDONES

• 104 ORCHIDACEAE
• 1. Calanthe tricarinata Lindl., Occasional in mixed temperate (1500-2500 m). Sankri, Seema, and Gangad. May-July.
• 2. Cypripedium cordigerum D. Don, Rare in open hillslopes near mixed temperate forests (2200-3500 m). On way to Osla. June-July.
• 3. Cypripedium macranthos Sw. Common in open hillslopes (up to 2500 m). Isragad. July-October.
• 4. Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Don) Soo, Common in open hillslopes (3800-4000 m). Harkidoon. On way to Maninda Tal. July-October.
• 5. Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz, Occasional in open hillslopes (2800- 4000 m). Harkidoon and Ruinsara Tal. June-August.
• 6. Goodyera fusca (Lindl.) Hook./, Common in moist rocky places (2200-3600 m). On way to Harkidoon, On way to Jamnidhar Glacier. August-October.
• 7. Goodyera repens (L.) R. Br., Occasional on moist rocky places (2000-3500 m). Seema. On way to Ruinsara Tal and Kedarkantha. July-September.
• 8. Habenaria pectinata D. Don, Rare in moist shady places near mixed temperate (up to 1800 m). Taluka. August-October.
• 9. Herininium lanceuni (Thunb. ex Sw.) J. Vuijk., Occasional in hillslopes (2500- 3500 m). Sankri-Taluka, Kalhattidhar, and Jakhol. July-August.

• 10. Herminium monorchis (L.) R. Br„ Occasional in wet meadows (3200- 4300 m). On way to Barasu Pass. On way to Jamnidhar Glacier. On way to Maninda Tal. July-August.
• 11. Malaxis inuscifera (Lindl.) Kuntze, Rare in moist shady places (3000-4000 m). Seema- Harkidoon. July-September.
• 12. Peristylus elisabethae (Duthie) R.K.

Gupta, Common in mixed temperate, open grasslands near alpine meadows (3000-4000 m). Seema-Harkidoon.

August-October.

• 13. Platanthera clavigera Lindl., Common in open grassy fields (1500-3000 m). Barasu Pass and Harkidoon. August-October.
• 14. Platanthera latilabris Lindl., Common in open grassy fields (1500-3000 m). Taluka. July-August.
• 15. Ponerorchis chusua (D. Don) Soo, rare in moist shady places near alpine grasslands (1000-2200 m). Hatta Valley. July-October.
• 16. Satyrium nepalense D. Don, Common in open grassy fields (2000-4000 m). Kalhattidhar, Taluka, and Harkidoon. July-November.
• 17. Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames, Occasional on open grassy fields (2500- 3700 m). Seema. May-September.
• 105. ZINGIBERACEAE
• 18. Hedychium coronarium J. Konig, Common along roadsides near mixed temperate (up to 2300 m). Taluka and Seema. August-November.
• 19. Hedychium spicatum Buch.-Ham. ex Sm., Common along roadsides near mixed temperate (up to 3200 m). Taluka. On way to Seema. July-November.
• 20. Roscoea alpina Royle, Common in mixed temperate (up to 1800 m). Sankri. August-October.
• 21. Roscoea purpurea J.E. Sm., Common in mixed temperate (up to 1550 m). Jakhol. July-August.
• 106. IRIDACEAE
• 22. Iris kemaonensis Wall, ex Royle, Fairly common in open grassy fields (up to 4500 m). Hatta Valley. July-October.
• 23. Iris milesii Foster, Very common in mixed temperate (up to 2300 m). Jakhol. May-July.
• 107 AGAVACEAE
• 24. Agave cantula Roxb., Occasional in dry and open places. August-September.
• 108 AMARYLLIDACEAE
• 25. Zephyranthes citrina Baker, Rare in moist places (up to 1500 m). Naitwar. September-December.
• 109. DIOSCOREACEAE
• 26. Dioscorea deltoidea Wall, ex Kunth, Occasional in bushes (1500-2150 m). Sankri, toward Kedarkantha. On way to Harkidoon, Jakhol, and Seema. May-June.
• 27. Dioscorea melanophyma Burkill & Prain, Fairly common in mixed temperate (1200-2400 m). On way to Sankri. August-September.
• 110. HAEMODORACEAE
• 28. Aletrispauciflora (Kl.) Hand.-Mazz., Rare in hillslopes (2700-4000 m). Barasu Pass and Hatta Valley. July-August.
• 29. Ophiopogon intermedius D. Don, Common in mixed temperate (up to 2000 m). Taluka. July-August.
• 30. Ophiopogon planiscapus Nakai, Occasional along roadsides near mixed temperate (850- 2000 m). Taluka. July-August.
• 31. Paris polyphylla Sm., Rare in moist shady places near mixed temperate (up to 2400 m). Sankri. May-June.
• 32. Trillium govanianum Wall, ex Royle, Sanctuary. April-August
• 111. CONVALLARIACEAE
• 33. Polygonatum cirrhifolium (Wall.) Royle, Occasional in shady slopes near mixed temperate (1500-2200 m). Taluka. May-June.
• 34. Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All., Occasional in shady slopes (1800-2660 m). Sankri. On way to Harkidoon, Jakhol, Dodhital, and Taluka. May-June.
• 112. ASPARAGACEAE
• 35. Asparagus filicinus Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don, Occasional in moist shady places (up to 2500 m). Sankri and Seema. May-June.
• 36. Maianthemum purpureum (Wall.) La Frankie, Common in open places and in thickets (up to 2400 m). On way to Kedarkantha. July-October.
• 113. ALLIACEAE
• 37. Allium humile Kunth, Common in open grassy fields (up to 2200 m). Deokyar. May-July.
• 38. Allium stracheyi Baker, Occasional in open grassy places (3200-4300 m). On way to Harkidoon. July-October.

• 39. Allium victorialis L., Common along roadsides (1200-2300 m). On way to Jakhol. June-August.
• 40. Allium wallichii Kunth, Occasional in open grassy places and stream banks (3200-4300 m). On way to Harkidoon and Kedarkatha bugyal. August-November.
• 114. LILIACEAE
• 41. Cardiocrinum giganteum (Wall.) Makino, Occasional in moist forests (2500-3200 m). On way to Seema. June-August.
• 42. Nomocharis oxypetala (Royle) Balf. /., Occasional in open alpine meadow (3200- 4800 m). Harkidoon, On way to Jamnidhar Glacier, Barasu Pass. June-August.
• 115. SMILACACEAE
• 43. Srnilax aspera L., Occasional in mixed temperate (800-1800 m). Naitwar and Jakhol. March-August.
• 44. Srnilax elegans Wall, ex Kunth, Occasional in mixed temperate (1000-1800 m). Sankri. On way to Seema. April-September.
• 45. Srnilax ovalifolia Roxb., Occasional in shady and rocky places (up to 1500 m). Naitwar. February-May.
• 116. COMMELINACEAE
• 46. Commelina benghalensis L., Occasional in moist places and cultivated fields (up to 1200 m). Naitwar. Almost throughout the year.
• 47. Commelina caroliniana Walter, Occasional in marshy places and along roadsides (up to 1500 m). On way to Taluka. July-February.
• 48. Commelina maculata Edgew., Common in marshy places (up to 2800 m). Sankri and Taluka-Seema. June-October.
• 49. Cyanotis cristata (L.) D. Don, Occasional in moist places and along streams (up to 1000 m). On way to Naitwar and Taluka. July-December.
• 50. Cyanotis vaga (Lour.) Roem. & Schult., Common along streams and moist places (800-1800 m). Jakhol. July-September.
• 51. Murdannia divergens (C.B. Clarke) G. Briickn., Occasional in moist shady places and grassy fields (up 1200 m). Naitwar. August-November.
• 52. Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan, Common in moist and marshy situations (up to 900 m). Naitwar and Jakhol. July-December.
• 117. JUNCACEAE
• 53. Juncus bufonius L., Occasional in moist grassy fields near mixed temperate (1000- 1600 m). Sankri. May-June.
• 54. Juncus elegans Royle ex Buchenau, Occasional along roadsides near mixed forests (up to 2200 m). Taluka. July-September.
• 55. Juncus inflexus L., Common in moist places and on hillslopes (up to 3500 m). On way to Seema and Harkidoon. August-September.
• 56. Juncus leschenaultii J. Gay ex Laharpe, Common in marshy places (1800-3500 m). Seema-Harkidoon. June-October.
• 57. Juncus membranaceus Royle ex D. Don, Common in wet places in the hilly slopes (1800-3500 m). Seema-Harkidoon. May-October.
• 58. Juncus sphacelatus Decne.var. himalensis (Klotzsch) Jafri, Common in moist grassy fields (3400-4500 m). Seema-Harkidoon. May-August.
• 59. Juncus sphacelatus Decne., Common in moist grassy fields (3400-4500 m). On way to Harkidoon. August-October.
• 118. ARACEAE
• 60. Acorns calamus L., Occasional in marshy places and along river banks (up to 3400 m). Naitwar. May-July.
• 61. Arisaema jacquemontii Blume, Fairly common in forest openings (2300-3400 m). On way to Barasu Pass. On way to Seema. July-September.
• 62. Arisaema propinquum Schott, Common in moist shady places (2200-3500 m). On way to Seema. June-August.
• 63. Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott, Occasional in moist deciduous forests (800-1800 m). Sankri and Jakhol. July-November.
• 64. Sauromatum venosum (Ait.) Schott, Rare in open places and as an undergrowth in deodar forests (900-2060 m). Sankri. April-May.
• 119. CYPERACEAE
• 65. Carex cruciata Wahlenb., Occasional on rocky places (up to 1200 m). Jakhol. July-September.
• 66. Carex filicina Nees, Occasional in moist hill sides (up to 1200 m). On w'ay to Naitwar and Sankri-Taluka. August-September.

• 67. Carex haeinatostoma Nees, Occasional in alpine meadows (3500-4800 m). On way to Maninda Tal. August-September.
• 68. Carex nivalis Boott, Occasional in meadows and rocky areas (4000-4800 m). On way to Maninda Tal. August-September.
• 69. Carex nubigena D. Don, Occasional in open grassy hillslopes (up to 2300 m). Sankri. On way to Jamnidhar Glacier. May-August.
• 70. Carex royleana Nees, Occasional on hillslopes (up to 3000 m). Taluka. August-September.
• 71. Carex setigera D. Don, Occasional in depressions (2100-3400 m). Sankri (T.S. Rana et al., l.c). May-June.
• 72. Carex wallichiana Spreng., Common in marshes and moist places (up to 2300 m). Sankri. May-June.
• 73. Cyperus alulatus J. Kern, Infrequent along the roadsides (up 900 m). On way to Naitwar. September-November.
• 74. Cyperus cyperoides (L.) Kuntze, Rare in moist open grasslands (up to 1000 m). On way to Naitwar. July-September.
• 75. Cyperus iria L., Occasional in moist places near streams (up to 1200 m). Naitwar. July-October.
• 76. Cyperus niveus Retz., Occasional in rock crevices and along roadsides (up to 1300 m). Naitwar. April-June.
• 77. Cyperus squarrosus L., Occasional in marshy places (up to 2700 m). Taluka- Seema. November.
• 78. Eriophorum comosum (Wall.) Wall, ex Nees, Occasional along the hillslopes and exposed rocky places (up to 2600 m). Sankri. On way to Naitwar. September-November.
• 79. Fiinbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl, Common in moist places (up to 1600 m). Naitwar- Sankri. May-October.
• 80. Isolepis setacea (L.) R. Br., Occasional along water courses, in marshy places with moving water (up to 3200 m). Sankri. On way to Naitwar. June-September.
• 81. Kobresia duthiei C.B. Clarke, Rare in open grassy slopes (up to 3450 m). On way to Harkidoon. August-October.
• 82. Kyllinga squamulata Thonn. ex Vahl, Rare in moist sandy areas (up to 850 m). Naitwar. August-October.
• 83. Pycreus sanguinolentus (Vahl) Nees ex C.B. Clarke, Fairly common in marshy places (2500-4000 m). Seema-Harkidoon. May-October.
• 120 POACEAE (= GRAMINEAE)
• 84. Agrostis pilosula Trin., Common along alpine meadows (2400-3700 m). Seema- Harkidoon. August-October.
• 85. Apluda mutica L., Common along roadsides and open grassy fields (up to 2000 m). Sankri. On way to Naitwar. On way to Taluka. May-June.
• 86. Arthraxon lancifolius (Trin.) Hochst., Fairly common in open grassy fields (up to 2800 m). Taluka-Seema. September-January.
• 87. Arundinella nepalensis Trin., Common along the roadsides and on open grassy places (up to 2300 m). On way to Naitwar and Sankri-Taluka. October-November.
• 88. Arundinella setosa Trin., Common on rocky slopes and in open forests, forest margins, grassy hillsides (up to 2300 m). On way to Naitwar and Sankri-Taluka. August-November.
• 89. Arundo donax L., Fairly common along streams and in sandy ravines (800-1500 m). Naitwar. On way to Naitwar. June-December.
• 90. Avena sativa L., Occasional in cultivated fields (up to 1600 m). Naitwar. May-June.
• 91. Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) R Beauv., Common in moist places (up to 1200 m). Naitwar. June-September.
• 92. Bromus japonicus Thunb. ex Murr., Common in open grassy hillslopes. June-August.
• 93. Bromus ramosus Huds., Common in open grassy hillslopes. October-February.
• 94. Calamagrostis pseudophragmites (Hall./) Koeh, Common in open grassy hillslopes (1700-3700 m). Seema-Harkidoon. June-August.
• 95. Chrysopogon fulvus (Spreng.) Chiov., Common along riverbank (up to 1500 m). Naitwar, along Tons River. On way to Naitwar. May-June.
• 96. Chrysopogon gryllus (L.) Trin., Common in the hills and in dry localities (900- 3300 m). Naitwar-Sankri and Taluka- Seema. June-November.
• 97. Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats., Common in the hills and in dry localities. June-November.
• 98. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Common throughout the valley (up to 1600 m). Sankri. May-June.
• 99. Dactylis glomerata L., Common in the hills and in dry localities (1700-4000 m). Taluka-Seema. On way to Harkidoon. July-September.

• 100. Danthonia cachemyriana Jaub. & Spach, Common on dry rocky slopes and open grassy fields (3200-4200 m). Seema- Harkidoon. July-September.
• 101. Danthonia schneideri Pilg., Occasional on grassy slopes and open fields (2000- 4000 m). On way to Seema, Harkidoon. July-October.
• 102. Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees, Occasional in moist shady ravines (up to 1500 m). Naitwar. March-November.
• 103. Digitaria horizontalis Willd., Occasional in marshy places (up to 1500 m). Naitwar. On way to Taluka and Jakhol. September.
• 104. Digitaria stricta Roth ex Roem. & Schult., Common in moist shady places (up to 1600 m). Naitwar. August-October.
• 105. Echinochloa colona (L.) Link, Frequent as weed in open situations and fallow fields (800-1600 m). Naitwar, Sankr, and Taluka. August-March.
• 106. Echinochloa frumentacea (Roxb.) Link, Cultivated near human habitation and often found as an escape (up to 1800 m). Naitwar, Sankri, and Taluka. August-March.
• 107. Eleusinecoracana(L.)Gaertn., Cultivated for its food grain, almost throughout the sanctuary. Naitwar-Sankri, Taluka- Seema, and Jakhol. August-October.
• 108. Elymus semicostatus (Nees ex Steud.) Meld., Common in open grassy fields. July-August.
• 109. Eragrostis nigra Nees ex Steud., Fairly common on hillslopes in exposed localities (up to 2800 m). Naitwar. On way to Seema. August-November.
• 110. Eulaliopsis binata (Retz.) C.E. Hubb., Common in dry places. April-July.
• 111. Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult., Occasional in open grasslands and along roadsides (up to 1000 m). August-November.
• 112. Hierochloe laxa R. Br. ex Hook./., Common in alpine meadows (4800-5800 m). On way Barasu Pass. July-October.
• 113. Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeuschel., Common in open grassy fields (up to 1600 m). Naitwar. July-March.
• 114. Melica scaberriina (Nees ex Steud.) Hook. /, Common in open grassy fields (3600-4600 m). Harkidoon. On way to Ruinsara Tal. July-August.
• 115. Microstegiuni falconeri (Hook. /) Clayton, Common on rocky places (up to 2500 m). On way to Taluka. July-March.
• 116. Milium effusum L., July-August.
• 117. Miscanthus nepalensis (Trin.) Hack., Common in open grassy fields (1600- 3000 m). Taluka-Seema. August-October.
• 118. Muhlenbergia duthieana Hack., Common in open grassy fields (1600- 3000 m). Taluka-Seema. August-October.
• 119. Neyraudia arundinacea (L.) Henrard, Common on hillslopes and along the roadsides (up to 1800 m). Jakhol. May-June.
• 120. Oplismenus undulatifolius (Ard.) Roem. & Schult., Occasional along the roadsides and open grassy slopes (up to 2500 m). Taluka-Seema. July-October.
• 121. Pennisetum flaccidum Griseb., Common in the higher alpine slopes (up to 3200 m). Seema. April-October.
• 122. Pennisetum orientate L.C. Rich. Common in open places (up to 1500 m). Naitwar. April-October.
• 123. Phalaris minor Retz., Occasional in moist and shady places (up to 1500 m). Naitwar. May-June.
• 124. Plileum alpinum L., Very common in open places (2000-4300 m). On way to Jamnidhar Glacier, Seema-Harkidoon. July-September.
• 125. Plileum paniculatum Huds., Common in moist and shady places (600-2000 m). Sankri. May-June.
• 126. Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud., Occasional in marshy places (up to 2500 m). Sankri and Taluka-Seema. May-June.
• 127. Poa annua L., Occasional in marshy places (1400-2800 m). Naitwar-Sankri. May-September.
• 128. Poa nemoralis L., Fairly common in exposed places (1300-2300 m). Sankri. May-June.
• 129. Poa supina Schrad., Common in open grassy fields (1700-4300 m). Deokyar. May-July.
• 130. Pogonatherum paniceum (Lam.) Hack., Common on open grassy hillslopes, along roadsides, and streams (up to 2200 m). On way to Taluka. March-September.
• 131. Saccharum rufipilum Steud., Common on open grassy hillslopes (up to 2200 m). Taluka. July-September.
• 132. Saccharum spontaneum L., Common along riverbeds and streams (up to 1600 m). Naitwar. July-September.
• 133. Setaria megaphylla (Steud.) T. Durand & Schinz, Occasional in open grasslands (up to 1100 m). Naitwar. June-October.
• 134. Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult., Occasional in open grasslands

• (up to 2300 m). Naitwar and Sankri. August-November.
• 135. Sinarundinaria falcata (Nees) C.S. Chao & Renvoize, Common in moist and shady places (up to 2400 m). Sankri. On way to Taluka. May-June.
• 136. Spodiopogon dubius Hack., Common in mountain slopes and forest margins (up to 2400 m). Jakhol. May-September.
• 137. Thamnocalamus spathiflorus (Trin.) Munro, Grows in coniferous and mixed subalpine forests.
• 138. Themeda anathera (Nees ex Steud.) Hack., Occasional on open grassy slopes and along roadsides (up to 1800 m). Taluka and Jakhol. June-October.
• 139. Tripogon filifonnis Nees ex Steud., Common on open grassy slopes and on rocky places (2800-4400 m). Seema- Harkidoon. July-November.
• 140. Vrochloa villosa (Lam.) T.Q. Nguyen, Common in open grassy hillslopes and moist places (up to 1200 m). On way to Naitwar. April-October.
• 12.4 CONCLUSION

The Govind Pashu Vihar Wildlife Sanctuary encompasses a rich biodiversity of both flora and fauna. It is a part of the Western Himalayas, which is one of India’s largest centers for endemism. The sanctuary comprises 822 species of angio- sperms, under 464 genera, and 120 families, including 7 subspecies and 12 varieties, and a complete inventory of all the recorded species including information on the high altitude threatened medicinal plants of the sanctuary, comprised of 39 species of angiosperms, and of these, 10 species are critically endangered, 13 endangered, 9 vulnerable, and 7 least concern is provided here.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors are thankful to the director of the Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata, for providing the facilities to carry out the said project, and also, the first author is thankful to the scientist-in-charge of the Botanical Survey of India, Northern Regional Centre, Dehradun.

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13 Anti-oxidant and Anti-microbial