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Automotive Power Systems

Architecture of an Automotive Power System Architecture of the Automotive Power System Voltage Used for Electrical Distribution System Thermal Challenges for Electrical Components Abnormal Voltages—Sources and Device Ratings Inductive Load Transients on the DC Bus Reverse Voltage Protection Mutual Coupling Requirements for the Electrical Energy System Design Distribution of Electrical Energy Fuses Cables for Automotive Applications Harness Design Representation of the Electrical Circuit Conclusion Bibliography Appendix #1 British Standard Colors for Cables Appendix #2 European Color Codes for Cables Appendix #3 Popular Terminal Designation Numbers Batteries Historical Milestones Functions of the Storage Battery Construction of a Lead–Acid Cell-Type Battery Hydrometer Readings Voltage Level Test Capacity Battery Chargers Electrical Characteristics of Lead–Acid Batteries Internal Resistance Efficiency New Technologies for Sealed and Maintenance-Free Batteries Other Possible Storage of Electrical Energy Supercapacitors Fuel Cell Conclusion References Starter—Alternator Alternator’s Role Construction of an Alternator Electronic Controls for Alternator General Requirements Closed-Loop Regulation of Voltage Alternator Requirements for 48 V Systems Using a Switched-Mode Rectifier to Increase Output Power Other Electrical Machine Instead “Alternators”Starter Systems Starter Construction Inertia Starter Pre-Engaged Starters Permanent Magnet Starters Typical Torque Characteristics Integrated Starter Alternator Conclusion References Body Systems Introduction to Body Systems Power Window (Electrical Windows)Power Lock Doors Soft-Top Convertible Hard-Top Convertible Power Seats Electric Sunroof Electric Mirrors Cruise Control Modeling the Cruise Control Actuator for Cruise Control Drive-by-Wire Climate-Control Heater Electronic Heater Control A/C Compressor Shape Memory Alloy Actuators Conclusion References Power Converters Used in Body Systems Electrical Motors Used in Body Systems Integration of Power Electronics High Level of Integration Medium Level of Integration Low Level of Integration Power Converters Unidirectional dc Motor Drives Bidirectional dc Motor Drives Single-Phase Power Converters Three-Phase Inverters PWM Generators Dead-Time Integrated Circuits for Motor Control Sensors Thermistors Hall-Effect Position Sensor Current Sensors Voltage Measurement Conclusion References Chassis Systems Electrification of Transportation Introduction Ancillary Energy Sources Derived from the Engine Road to All-Electric Vehicle Concept Brake Systems Electric Vacuum Power with a MOSFET Power Converter Electronic Control of Power Steering Solution 1: An Electrical Motor Drives the Pump Solution 2: Electrically Assisted Power Steering Solution 3: Principle of Electronic Power Steering Dynamic Modeling of the Power Steering Design With a BLDC Motor Progressive Steering Wheel Automotive Suspension Conclusion References Lighting Automotive Light Sources Conventional Lighting Circuits Gas Discharge Lamps and Their Electronic Control LED Lights and Their Electronic Control Laser Lights Conclusion References dc/dc Converters Role of dc/dc Power Converters Direct Conversion (without Galvanic Isolation)Buck Converter Boost Converter Other Topologies of Non-Isolated dc/dc Converters Multi-Phase Converters The Synchronous Converter Isolated Converters Flyback Converter Direct (Forward) Converter Push–Pull Converter Phase-Shift Converter Need for AC power Low Power Solutions High Power Solutions Conclusion References Feedback Control Systems Feedback Control of Dynamic Systems Implementation Within Analog-Mode Power Supply Circuits Design of Feedback Control Systems Requirements for Feedback Control of a Power Supply Case Studies: Feedback Control for Various Power Supplies Analog Circuit in Follower Connection Analog Circuit with an Inverting Topology Boost/Buck Converters Analog-Mode Feedback Control Solutions Type I Compensation Type II Compensation Type III Compensation Design Process From Constraints to Component Selection On the Use of Conventional PI/D Controllers Conversion of Analog Control Law to Digital Solutions Control System Influence on Power Electronics Hardware Conclusion References Power MOSFET Power MOSFET in Automotive Applications The Ideal Switch Enhancement-Mode and Depletion-Mode MOSFETs Operation Principle Safe Operation Area Gate Driver Requirements Using P-Channel MOSFET Devices Parameters Used in MOSFET Selection Synchronous Rectification Advanced FET Devices Conclusion References Fuses and Relay Circuits Intelligent Switch Versus Solid-State Relay Electromagnetic Relays Using Electromagnetic Relays Construction Solid-State Relays Introduction to Fuses Circuit Breakers Automotive Varistor and Transient-Voltage-Suppression (TVS)Solenoids Electromechanical Solenoid Solenoid Valve Power Converter Drive Conclusion References Small Motors Principle of Electrical Motors Permanent Magnet Motors Variable Reluctance Motor DC Motors Induction Motor Brushless Motors Comparison between Brushless dc Motor and the Induction Motor Design of Low-Power dc Motors Shunt-Wound dc Motors Series-Wound dc Motors Compound Wound dc Motor Permanent Magnet dc Motors Applications: Fans, Blowers, Pumps Design Issues Related to the dc Distribution Bus Motor Design: Inertia Matching Motor Design: Torque Requirements Ultrasonic Motors (Piezoelectric Motors)Principle Control and Optimization Conclusion References Power Integrated Circuits Integrated-Circuit Technologies Architecture of Analog or Mixed-Mode Power IC Example of Disruptive Innovation—PWM Control Chip Flyback PWM Controller IC for Isolated Power Supplies Three-Phase Power MOSFET Controller High-Voltage Gate Drivers for High-Voltage Propulsion Drives IC Design Considerations Power MOSFET Used within Integrated Circuits Power Diode Gate Driver Band Gap Reference PWM Generator Current Sensor Auxiliary Protection Circuitry Soft-Start Circuitry I/O Connections Digital IC Solutions Conclusion References Propulsion Systems Propulsion Architecture Induction Motor Drive—Converter System Brushless dc Motor Drive Switched Reluctance Motor Drive High-Voltage Energy Storage Conclusion References

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