Subject Index
Note: Page numbers in italic indicate a figure and page numbers in bold indicate a table on the corresponding page.
4-2-1 family structure, in China 22—23
acceptance see parental warmth active agent, child as 153, 156 adolescence 193-194; adjustment during 67, 68; and coincident advent of puberty 244; decision-making during 35; delinquent behavior 7, 87, 218; disclosure 35, 69, 97, 155-156, 229; expectations in 243; family system 243; parental behaviors during transition to 24-25, 56, 59, 98, 185, 188; parental closeness and 174; parental control during 5-6; parent conflict 6; socioemotional and cognitive development in 243 “affection through actions” 134 affective family 65 African American 197; changes in behavioral control over time 209-210; changes in knowledge solicitation over time 212; changes in parental warmth over time 209; changes in rules/limit- setting over time 210—211; cultural deviations from grand mean 248; measures used with 198; modeling best-fitting trajectories 207-208; parenting patterns in 221-222; parent trajectory models 202; predictor
variables 201; statistics of study variables 200; trajectories of behavioral control 216-217; trajectories of knowledge solicitation 219; trajectories of parent behavioral control 216; trajectories of rules/limit-setting 217-219 age at childbirth 9, 14; in China 28; in Colombia 48, 53, 57; determinants 249-250; in Italy 73; in Jordan 101; in Kenya 117,120; in Philippines 139; in Sweden 159; in Thailand 177, 182; US 199 agency 168
alcohol use 68, 175; see also substance use antisocial behaviors 69, 95 Arab cultures 93
authoritarian/authoritative parenting style 34, 97, 98, 154, 175; in China 23, 25, 34, 35, 36; in European American 220, 248; in Jordan 95, 107; in Kenya 116; socioeconomic status and 250; in Sweden 154, 166, 167; in Thailand 173, 175; in US 195 autonomy 8, 23, 243 autonomy-granting behavior 24, 35, 37, 220-222, 243
Bantus, Kenyan linguistic groups 114 behavioral control 1, 4-7, 193, 229; change during transition into adolescence 244—245; change in Manila Filipino 143; change in Medellin Colombian 50-53; change in Shanghai Chinese 32; in China 23, 27, 246; in Colombia 44-45, 47, 50-53, 246-247; cultural deviations from the grand mean in 236, 237, 239: in Italy 67-69, 71-72, 81-82, 247; in Jordan 96-97, 99-100, 105, 108, 247; in Kenya 116, 119, 247; measures 13-14, 47; in Philippines 133-135, 138, 247-248; in Sweden 153-155, 158-159, 164, 248; in Thailand 174-175, 176-177, 248; trajectories for cultural group 231, 233: in US 195, 198, 209-210, 216-217, 248 binge drinking 68
cainorra (organized crimes) 71 Chiang Mai, Thailand; changes in behavioral control 179, 182; changes in knowledge solicitation 182-183; changes in parental warmth 178-179; changes in rules/limit-setting 182; modeling best-fitting trajectories 181: parenting domains 175, 183; parent tra jectory models 180; statistics of study variables 179
childbirth, parental ages at 9, 14; China 28; Colombia 48, 53, 57; determinants 249-250; Italy 73; Jordan 101; Kenya 117, 120; Philippines 139; Sweden 159; Thailand 177, 182; US 199, 222 child gender 11—12, 15; China 28; Colombia 48, 58; determinants 251; Italy 66-4)7, 68, 73, 81, 82; Jordan 101; Kenya 117, 120; Philippines 139; Sweden 159; Thailand 177; US 199 childrearing 173, 185, 229, 230-231, 250 children: as active agent 153, 156; and adolescent development 185, 188; agency 154; antisocial behaviors 69, 95; autonomy 157; disclosure 35, 69, 97, 155-156, 229; externalizing behavior 154; verprotection 97; prosocial behavior 6, 44, 95, 229; unsupervised 58; see also transition to adolescence Chile, parental control during adolescence 6 China: behavioral control 23, 27; cultural deviations from grand mean 246; knowledge solicitation 24, 27-28; maternal parenting styles 35; one- child policy 34, 246; parental control during adolescence 5; parental warmth 23, 27; rules/limit-setting 24, 27-28;
socioeconomic changes 246; see also Shanghai, China closeness, in parent-adolescent relationships 135
cognitions about parenting 228, 254—256 collectivism 42, 174, 186 Colombia: behavioral control 44-45, 47, 50—53; cultural deviations from grand mean 246-247; family culture in 42-43; knowledge solicitation 44—45, 48, 54; parental warmth 43-44, 47, 49-50; parenting in 41-59; rules/limit-setting 44-45, 48, 53-54; see also Medellin, Colombia
conflictual relationships 34 conservatives, Jordanian 92—93 Convention on the Rights of the Child, UN 153, 168
corporal punishment 250; in child rearing 254—255; in Kenya 116, 127; in Philippines 146
country and culture, roles in shaping developmental transitions 246-248 COVID-19 global pandemic, economic downturns 11
cross-cultural approaches 3—4 cross-national/regional comparisons, in Italy 66-68
cultural deviations, from grand mean in all domains 236, 231-241 cultural influences: control, rules/limit- setting, and knowledge solicitation increase over time 186-187; parental warmth decreases over time, in Thai 184-185
cultural normativeness, of parenting behaviors 9
culture and country, roles in shaping developmental transitions 246-248 culture-level gender inequality 12 curfew imposition 7 Cushites, Kenyan linguistic groups 114
decision-making 35, 36, 157, 175, 221 democratic parenting style 97, 167, 173 depressive symptoms 24—25, 255 determinants: child gender 251; parent age at childbirth 249-250; parent education 250-251
developmental research, on parenting in Italy 65
disclosure, adolescents’ and children’s 35, 69, 97, 155-156, 229 discrimination and racism 221-222
divorce and separation, increased in Thailand 172
Durham, North Carolina, ethnic groups in 197; see also African American; European American; Latin American
Early Childhood Comprehensive Care Strategy—From Zero to Forever 57 economic status 11-12 education, parents 9-11, 14; China 28; Colombia 48, 53—54, 57-58; determinants 250-251; Italy 73, 81, 82; Jordan 101; Kenya 117, 120; Philippines 139, 146; Sweden 159; Thailand 177, 178, 188; US 199 empowerment 11 equality, promoting 157, 167 ethical family 65
ethnic groups in US: parenting domains in 193-223; parenting patterns in 219-222; see also African American; European American; Latin American ethnicity 8, 219, 230, 246 European American: authoritative parenting 195; changes in behavioral control over time 209-210; changes in knowledge solicitation over time 212; changes in parental warmth over time 209; changes in rules/limit-setting over time 210—211; cultural deviations from grand mean 248; decrease in parental rule-setting 195-196; in Durham 197; measures used with 198; modeling best-fitting trajectories 207-208; parenting patterns in 220; parent trajectory models 205-206: predictor variables 201; statistics of study variables 200; trajectories of behavioral control 216-217; trajectories of knowledge solicitation 219; trajectories of rules/limit-setting 217-219; trajectories of warmth 216; younger parent age at childbirth and warmth 194
exploratory attitudes 34, 245 externalizing behavior, childrens 154
familismo (Colombian family value) 42, 57 Family, Women and Infancy Program (FAMI) 57
father, age at child’s birth see age at childbirth femininity 186
“fictive”kin 132
Filipino American 135, 145-146
Filipino parenting see Philippines
gambling 68 gang involvement 135 gender: equality 11-12, 153; inequality, in China 25; roles 42, 66; see also child gender
girls, parental support for 35
global recession, economic downturns 11
Gnan Jiao concept 22
high power distance value 186 HIV/AIDS 114
hiya (sense of propriety) 132-133 homework 136 Hong Kong 34—35
hostility/rejection/neglect (HRN), of pre-adolescent children 95 household income and education 9-10 Human Development Index 3, 41, 246
immigrant parents 10 inductive discipline 67 infant mortality rate 3 instrumental support 134 Interpersonal Acceptance-Rejection Theory 5, 229 “iron rice bowl, the” 23 Islamic teaching 94
Italy: behavioral control 67-69, 71-72, 81-82; changes in parenting domains to adolescence in 69; cultural deviations from grand mean 247; knowledge solicitation 72, 83; parental warmth 65-67, 71-72, 81; rules/limit-setting 72, 82-83; womens average age of becoming parent 9; see also Rome and Naples, Italy
Jordan: behavioral control 96-97, 105,
108; cultural deviations from grand mean 247; implications for future practice and research 110; knowledge solicitation 97, 106, 109-110; looseness-tightness continuum 3; Palestinian refugee youth in 97; parental warmth 94-96, 102, 105, 107-108; parenting domains 92-110; rules/limit- setting 97, 105, 108-109; see also Zarqa, Jordan
Jordanian Plan of Action for Children 93
Kenya: behavioral control 116, 119; contemporary parenting 115-117; corporal punishment in 116, 127; cultural deviations from grand mean 247; education in 10, 115; infant mortality rate in 3; knowledge solicitation 119; limitations and directions for future research 128; linguistic groups in 114; occupational status and income in 10; parental warmth 116, 119, 121, 124; rules/ limit-setting 119, 124—125; womens average age of becoming parent 9; see also Kisumu, Kenya Kisumu, Kenya: changes in parental warmth 121, 124; changes in mles/limit-setting 124—125; modeling best-fitting trajectories 123; parent trajectory' models 122; statistics of study variables 121 knowledge solicitation 1, 7-8, 193, 230-231; change during transition into adolescence 245; change in Manila Filipino 144-145; change in Shanghai Chinese 33; in China 24, 27-28, 246; in Colombia 44—45, 54, 48, 246-247; cultural deviations from the grand mean in 236, 23 7, 241; in Italy 72,
- 83, 247; in Jordan 97, 105, 109-110, 247; in Kenya 119, 247; measures 14,
- 48; in Philippines 136-137, 247-248; in Sweden 155-156, 159, 164—165,
- 248; in Thailand 174—175, 177, 248; trajectories for cultural group 231, 235; in US 196, 198, 212, 219, 248
Latin American 197; changes in
behavioral control over time 209-210; changes in knowledge solicitation over time 212; changes in parental warmth over time 209; changes in rules/limit- setting over time 210-211; cultural deviations from grand mean 248; measures used with 198; modeling best-fitting trajectories 207-208; parenting patterns in 219-220; parent trajectory models 203-204; predictor variables 201; statistics of study variables 200; trajectories of behavioral control 216-217; trajectories of knowledge solicitation 219; trajectories of rules/limit-setting 217-219 life expectancy, in Sweden 152 limit-setting and rules see rules/limit-setting
“looseness-tightness” continuum of countries 3, 246
Luo ethnic group, Kenya 116, 118
machismo (Colombian family value) 42, 58 maladaptive behaviors 67 Manila, Philippines: changes in behavioral control 143; changes in knowledge solicitation 144—145; changes in parental warmth 143; changes in rules/limit-setting 143-144; modeling best-fitting trajectories 142; parent trajectory models 141; statistics of study variables 140
marianismo (Colombian family value) 42, 58 mass media 115 maternal education 10 Medellin, Colombia: changes in
behavioral control 50-53; changes in knowledge solicitation 54; changes in parental warmth 49-50; changes in rules/limit-setting 53-54; modeling best-fitting trajectories 52; parenting domains 46; parent trajectory models 51; statistics of study variables 50 monitoring: and adolescent maladjustment 68; parental 7-8, 24, 67-68, 116, 155, 175 mother, age at child’s birth see age at childbirth
Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (UNICEF) 11
Naples, Italy .««• Rome and Naples, Italy negative childrearing practices 173 neglectful parenting style 133, 154 neighborhoods: rules/limit-setting and knowledge solicitation 8; safe 58 Netherlands: parental control during adolescence 6
Nilotes, Kenyan linguistic groups 114
obedience 174 occupational status 10 OECD countries 188 one-child policy, in China 34, 246 organized crime 71 overprotection, of children 97
Parental Acceptance-Rejection/Control Questionnaire-Short Form (PAKQ/C-SF) 13, 96; used with Chinese families 27; used with Colombian families 47; used with ethnic groups in US 198;
used with Filipino families 138, 146; used with Italian families 71; used with Jordanian families 99; used with Kenyan families 118; used with Swedish families 158; used with Thai families 176
parental warmth 1, 4-7, 193, 229; and adolescent internalizing problems 5-6; change during transition into adolescence 244; change in Chiang Mai Thai 178-179; change in Kisumu, Kenya 121, 124; change in Manila Filipino 143; change in Medellin Colombian 49-50; change in Shanghai Chinese 29-32; in China 23, 27, 246; in Colombia 43-44, 47, 246-247; cultural deviations from the grand mean in 236, 237-238; decreases over time (hypothesis) 183-184; in Italy 65-67, 71-72, 81, 247; in Jordan 94-96, 99-100, 102, 105, 107-108, 247; in Kenya 116, 118-119, 247; measures 13-14, 47; in Philippines 133-135, 138, 247-248; in Sweden 153-155, 158-159, 160-161, 248; in Thailand 173-174, 176-177, 183-184, 248; trajectories for cultural group 231, 232; in US 194, 198, 209, 215-216, 248
parenting: between boys and girls 11; in China see China; cognitions 228, 254—256; in Colombia see Colombia; cultural deviations from grand mean in all domains 236, 237-241; diversity in mean ratings 236; domains of 1, 228-231; in Filipino context 132-148; heterogeneity of ratings 236; in Italy see Italy; in Jordan .«cc Jordan; in Kenya see Kenya; meanings of measures of domains 255-256; mean levels of ratings of practices 235-236; patterns, in US ethnic group 219-222; in Philippines see Philippines; practice relations 254; predictors of 25; ratings ranges of practices 233-235; and SES 9-10, 219; sociodemographic differences in 8-12, 117; strengths and limitations 252-253; in Sweden see Sweden; in Thailand see Thailand; trajectories of domains 231-233, 232-235; transaction 254—255; during transition to adolescence 24—25, 56,
59, 185, 188; in US see United States; see also parental warmth; behavioral control; rules/limit-setting; knowledge solicitation
Parenting Across Cultures (РАС) project: average age at time of becoming parent for women 9; behavioral control 6-7; in China 26-28; in Colombia 46; gender inequality 11-12; in Italy 70—73; in Jordan 99; in Kenya 118; in nine countries 1,
2-4, 2, 227; parental warmth and adolescent internalizing problems 5-6; in Philippines 137; in Sweden 157; in Thailand 175; in US 197 perceptions of control 195 permissive parenting style 154 personal opinions 34, 245 Philippines: behavioral control 133-135, 138, 143; cultural deviations from grand mean 247-248; knowledge solicitation 136-137, 144—145; parental warmth 133-135, 138, 143; poverty line in 3; rules/limit-setting 136-137, 138, 143-144; see also Manila, Philippines positive childrearing practices 173 poverty, in Thailand 172 preadolescence 166, 168 pre-puberty 244
prosocial behaviors, children’s 6, 44, 95, 229 protective parenting style 173, 250 psychological gap 85 puberty 244 punitiveness 24
quality of life, in Thailand 172
rejection, parental 96 reproductive health 11 respelo (Colombian family value) 42, 57 responsibility training 133 Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) 42
Rome and Naples, Italy 71; changes in behavioral control 81-82; changes in knowledge solicitation 83; changes in parental warmth 81; changes in parenting domains to adolescence in 69; changes in rules/limit-setting 82-83; modeling best-fitting trajectories 79-80; parent trajectory models 75-78; statistics of study variables 74 rules/limit-setting 1, 7-8, 193, 230; change during transition into adolescence 245; change in Kisumu, Kenya 124—125; change in Manila Filipino 143-144; change in Shanghai Chinese 32; in China 24, 27-28, 246;
in Colombia 44—45, 48, 53—54, 246-247; cultural deviations from the grand mean in 236, 2d 7, 240; in Italy 72, 82-83, 247; in Jordan 97,
- 105, 108-109, 247; in Kenya 119,
- 247; measures 14, 48; in Philippines 136-137, 138, 247-248; in Sweden 155-156, 159, 164, 248; in Thailand 174-175, 177, 248; trajectories for cultural group 231, 234; in US 195-196, 198, 210-211, 217-219, 248 rural-to-urban migration 42
school for parents 57 Second World War 65 self-confidence 34, 36, 245 self-esteem problems 24 self-expression 36
Shanghai, China: changes in behavioral control 32; changes in knowledge solicitation 33; changes in parental warmth 29-32; changes in parenting domains to adolescence in 25-26; changes in rules/limit-setting 32; modeling best-fitting trajectories 31; parent trajectory models 30; statistics of study variables 29 Shenzhen, China 23 single-child policy, in China 22-23 social skills 36, 95, 115 sociodemographic differences, in parenting 8-12; child gender 11-12; in Kenya 117; parents’ ages at time of child’s birth 9; parents’ education 9-11 socioeconomic factors: control, rules/ limit-setting, and knowledge solicitation increase over time 187-188; parental warmth decreases over time, in Thai 185 socioeconomic status (SES); low 58; measures 250; and parenting 9-10, 219, 230 Specificity Principle 5, 231-242 SRCD Monograph 251 stress: academic 35; and education 188 strictness 134
substance use 68, 69, 135, 175 support see parental warmth Suzhi Jiaoyu (quality training) 33 Sweden: average life expectancy in 152; behavioral control 153-155, 158-159, 164; cultural deviations from grand mean 248; domains of parenting in 152-168; equality, promoting 157, 167; examining hypotheses 157, 165-168; infant mortality rate in 3; knowledge
solicitation 155—156, 159, 164—165; legislation in 153; looseness-tightness continuum 3; parental warmth 153-155, 158-159, 160-161; parenting styles in 154; rules/limit-setting 155-156, 159, 164; see also Trollhattan and Vanersborg, Sweden
Swedish Social Insurance Agency 167 teen parents 9
Thailand: behavioral control 174-175, 176-177; cultural deviations from grand mean 248; domains of parenting in 172—189; knowledge solicitation 174—175; parental warmth 173-174, 176-177, 183-184; parenting in Thai context 172-173; rules/limit-setting 174—175, 177; see also Chiang Mai, Thailand
transaction 254—255 transition to adolescence: changes during 243-245; parental behaviors during 24—25, 56, 59, 98, 185,
188; socioemotional and mental developments 243 tribes, Jordanian 93 Trollhattan and Vanersborg, Sweden: changes in behavioral control 164; changes in knowledge solicitation 164—165; changes in parental warmth 160-161; changes in rules/limit-setting 164; modeling best-fitting trajectories 163; parenting domains 157-158, 165; parent trajectory models in 162; statistics of study variables in 161
uncertainty avoidance 186 unconditional: behavioral control trajectories 231, 233; knowledge solicitation trajectories 231, 235; rules/ limit-setting trajectories 231, 234; warmth trajectories 231, 232 UNICEF, Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 11
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 153, 168 United Nations Gender Inequality Index 11 United States: behavioral control 195,
198, 209-210, 216-217; cultural deviations from grand mean 248; domains of parenting in three ethnic groups in 193-223; educated parents 9; jobs requiring high levels of education 10; knowledge solicitation 196, 198,
212, 219; parental control during adolescence 5; parental warmth 194, 198, 209, 215-216; rules/limit-setting 195-196, 198, 210-211, 217-219; see also African American; European American; Latin American universality 242-245 unsupervised children 58 urbans, Jordanian 93
и tang na loob (debt of one’s being) 132-133
verbal discipline 67
warmth see parental warmth WEIRD (western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic) countries 2, 4 women: average age of becoming parent for 9; job opportunities 43, 58, 93;
literacy rates for 93; parliamentary seats for 11; participation in education 43; responsibility 64,
153; variations in educational opportunities 10
Xiao (filial piety) 22
Ymt Ci (strictness and warmth) 22
Youth and Family Project in Colombia 44
Zarqa, Jordan: changes in behavioral control 105; changes in knowledge solicitation 106; changes in parental warmth 102, 105; changes in rules/limit-setting 105; modeling best-fitting trajectories 104; parent trajectory models 103; statistics of study variables 102
