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The Ending of Tribal Wars: Configurations and Processes of Pacification

Pacification as Strategic Interaction of Indigenous Groups and State Actors State of Research on Pacification Dynamics of Warfare Between Local Groups Beyond State Control Phenomenology of Tribal Warfare Local Groups War, Violence, Feud and Peace Basic Forms of Tribal Warfare Causes of Tribal Warfare The Pacifying State The Conception of the State The Spatial Dimension of State Dominance Early Colonial Period Imperial Period Late Colonial Period, Sometimes Post-Colonial States Post-Colonial Nation States The State and Its Representatives State Actors Military Troops and Police Forces District Officers Private Actors Missionaries Settlers, Plantation Owners and Other Private Actors State Actors and Indigenous Local Groups in the Tribal Zone Strategies of State Actors Repression and Protection Rewards and Burdens Judicial Institutions Strategies of Tribal Actors Armed Resistance Alliance Retreat Pacification Notes References The Herero and Nama in German South-West Africa (1830-1910)Situation Before Pacification Herero Nama and Oorlam The Wars of the Oorlam and Nama Against the Herero (1830–1858)Missionaries and Traders Herero and Nama Against Oorlam and Nama (1861–1870)The First Pacification of the Herero and Nama (1884 to 1904)The Beginning of German Colonial Power The Colonial State as Peacemaker Between Herero and Nama Settlers, the German Colonial Society for South-West Africa and the Government The Herero Under Colonial Rule (1895–1904)The Second Pacification: The Uprising and Destruction of the Herero and Nama (1904–1908)The Uprising and Annihilation of the Herero The Military Campaign Against the Nama Conclusion Notes References The Eastern Highlands of New Guinea (1930-1965)Situation Before Pacification Demography Local Groups and Kinship Local Leaders Economy Wars and Alliances The Process of Pacification Indirect Contact Direct Contact Pacification Before World War II: The Kiaps Pacification Before World War II: The Missionaries Pacification After World War II: The North and South-West Pacification After World War II: The South-East Consolidation and Routine Administration Consequences of Pacification Conclusion Note References The Iban in Sarawak (1840-1920)Situation Before Pacification Territorial and Demographic Expansion Local Groups and Kinship Local Leaders Economy Wars and Alliances Wars Between River Groupings Violent Conflicts Within River Groupings Headhunting and Warfare Iban Piracy The Process of Pacification Principal Actors in the Pacification Process The Government of the Brooke Rajahs and their Strategies The Suppression of Coastal Piracy The Pacification of the Skrang and Saribas Iban The Pacification of the Batang Lupar Iban (Ulu Ai)Conclusion Repression Rewards Regulating Conflict Notes References The Lobi in French West Africa (1897-1940)Situation Before Pacification Demography Local Groups and Kinship Local Leaders Economy Feuds, Wars and Alliances Traditional Lobi Warfare Feuds and War Mediation The Process of Pacification First Phase: The Beginning of the Military Conquest (1897–1902)Armed Resistance Second Phase: Attempts at the Establishment of Colonial Control (1903–1914)The Difficulties of Co-opting Indigenous Leaders The Colonial Administration and Its Shortfalls Armed Resistance Third Phase: More Systematic Repression (1914–1930)Fourth Phase: Turning Point in French Colonial Politics (1930–1940)Effects of Pacification Economic Changes Migration Composition of Local Groups Positions of Status and Prestige Conflict Settlement Conclusion Notes References The Naga in British North-East India (1830-1890)Situation Before Pacification Demography Local Groups and Kinship Local Leaders Economy Wars and Alliances The Process of Pacification First Phase: Punitive Expeditions and Non-intervention (1832 until 1866)The Policy of Non-Interference (1850 until 1866)Second Phase: Enforcement of the State Monopoly of Force (1866 until 1879)Third Phase: Maintenance of Peace and Order Judicial System: Gaonbura and Dobashi as Agents of “Indirect Rule”System of House Taxes and “Free Labour”Missionaries “Inner Line” Regulation Advantages and Disadvantages of Pacification Durability of the Process of Pacification Incentives and Peace Dividends Conclusion Notes References The Karimojong in Uganda (1898-2010)Situation Before Pacification Demography Local Groups and Kinship Local Leaders Economy Wars and Alliances The Process of Pacification First Phase: British Colonial Rule (1894–1962)Failure to Establish a Local Administration Failed Economic Integration Mission Activities and Creation of a School System Reaction of the Karimojong Progress of Pacification?Second Phase: Attempts at Pacification by the Ugandan State (1962–)General Framework from 1962 to 1985 State Strategies and Reactions Development Projects and the Establishing of Democratic Structures Armament of the Karimojong and Exploitation of Superior Weapons Technology General Framework from 1985 Onwards Strategies and Reactions During the Museveni Administration Incentives by Schools and Missionaries Progress of Pacification?Conclusion Note References The Waorani in Ecuador (1940-2000)Situation Before Pacification History Demography Local Groups and Kinship Longhouse Group Regional Groups Relations Between Regional Groups Local Leaders Economy Wars and Alliances Wars Between Waorani Groups Wars Against Non-Waorani The Process of Pacification Context and Actors The Waorani Groups in the Mission Protectorate, 1958 Until 1973 Life in the Mission Protectorate, 1958 Until 1985 Reasons for Pacification Partial Return to Warfare in the 1980s Conclusion Notes References Success of Pacification Variables and Typology Type A: Eastern Highlands of New Guinea, Undup and Balau Iban Type B: Iban (first Skrang and Saribas Iban, then Upper Batang Lupar Iban)Type C: Lobi, Naga, Karimojong Type D: Waorani Type E: Herero, Nama Pacification Without Violence and Pacification by Annihilation: Types D and E Pacification Without State Violence: The Waorani Pacification as a War of Extermination: The Herero Settlers, State and Tribal Groups Pacification as a Mix of Repression and Rewards: Types A, B and C The Three Types in Comparison The Pros and Cons of Pacification for Local Groups Costs of War Balance of Power Between Local Groups Repression and Protection Rewards and Burdens Courts Return to Warfare Conclusions Notes References

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