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Political Thinking, Political Theory, and Civil Society

I. Political Thinking and Political Theory II. The Link Between Political Theory and Political Thinking III. Socrates of the Apology and the Crito IV. The Rest of the Book Notes The Importance of a Civil Society I. Civil Society: The Problem Faced The Democratic Civil Society III. Civil Society of Mediating Groups IV. Civil Society: The Liberal Approach V. Liberal Civil Society: Civic Norms VI. The Civic Virtues of Toleration and Mutual Respect VII. The Market Dimension of Civil Society: Adam Smith’s Dilemma VIII. The Importance of Civil Society Notes I Civil Society in the Classical and Religious Traditions Plato: Civic Virtue and the Just Society I Introduction II. Plato’s “Just Society”III. Plato’s Republic: What Justice Is Not IV. The Next Question: What Is Justice?V. Democracy and Injustice VI. Plato, the Laws, and Civil Society Notes Aristotle’s Response to Plato: The Importance of Friendship III. Aristotle on Plato’s Forms and the Search for Happiness IV. The Nature of the Polis V. Constitutions: Just and Unjust VI. Democracy and Public Deliberation VII. Aristotle and Civil Society Notes Christian Conceptions of Civic Virtue I. Introduction II. Introduction to Augustine: Cicero III. St. Thomas Aquinas: Justice Restored IV. Luther and Calvin: An Introduction V. The Implications for Civic Virtue and Civil Society Notes Elements of Islamic and Jewish Medieval Political Thought I. Introduction: Alfarabi’s Legacy II. Avicenna: The Philosopher and the Lawgiver III. Averroes: The Importance of Democracy IV. Maimonides: The Limits of Reason and Religion V. Conclusion: The Implications for Civil Society Notes II Early Modern Approaches to Civil Society Niccolò Machiavelli: Civic Virtue and Civil Society I. Historical Setting and Introduction Innovation Through Violence Techniques of Power: Maintaining Appearances III. The Discourses and Republican Forms V. The Moral of Mandragola and Civil Society Notes Thomas Hobbes and Modern Civil Society I. Historical Context II. Hobbes’s Method III. Hobbes and the State of Nature IV. Hobbes’s Civil Society: The Laws of Nature and Civic Virtue V. The Role and Structure of the State VI. The Christian Commonwealth VII. Response and Rejoinder Notes Benedict Spinoza and Liberal Democracy I. Introduction II. Historical Setting III. Philosophy and Religion IV. The Social Contract of a Democratic State V. Spinoza and Civil Society Notes John Locke, Civil Society, and the Constrained Majority II. The Concept of Political Authority III. Locke’s Limited Government IV. Response and Rejoinder Notes Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Community and Civil Society I. Introduction II. Selfishness and Self-Love III. The Second Discourse on the Origin of Inequality Among Men IV. Rousseau’s Threat to Civil Society V. Response and Rejoinder Notes III Late Modern and Contemporary Approaches to Civil Society Immanuel Kant: Civil Society and International Order I. Public Reason II. The Process of Practical Reason III. Kant’s Civil Society IV. Nature’s Secret Plan V. The New World Order: A Federation of Civil Societies VI. Public Reason and Civil Society VII. Response and Rejoinder Notes G.W.F. Hegel: Civil Society and the State I. Introduction Phenomenology ofSpirit III. Civil Society IV. The State and Civic Virtue V. Response and Rejoinder Notes Karl Marx and the Economic Argument About Civil Society I. Marx’s Reaction to Hegel II. Political Emancipation: Rights in Civil Society III. Modern Alienation IV. The Economic Argument: The Sources of Exploitation V. Response and Rejoinder, Especially Adam Smith Notes John Stuart Mill: Civil Society as a Higher Calling I. Mill’s Perfected Civil Society II. Mill and Jeremy Bentham and the Principle of Utility III. On Liberty: The Culture of Civil Society IV. The Stationary Economy and Private Property V. On Representative Government VI. Response and Rejoinder Notes John Rawls: The Just and Fair Civil Society I. Introduction II. Rawls’s Principles of Justice in A Theory of Justice III. Political Liberalism and Value Pluralism IV. Response and Rejoinder Notes The Conservative View: Edmund Burke, Alexis de Tocqueville, and Michael Oakeshott I. Introduction II. Burke: The Purpose of Civil Society III. Tocqueville and the Commitment to Equality IV. Introduction: Oakeshott and Civil Society V. Response and Rejoinder Notes IV Critiques of Civil Society The Critique of Power in Civil Society: Friedrich Nietzsche and Michel Foucault II. Nietzsche and the Will to Power III. Dionysus Versus Apollo and the Quest for a New Culture IV. The Place of Morality V. Democracy and Civil Society VI. Politics of Bad Conscience VII. Foucault’s Nietzschean Critique VIII. Maclntyre’s Response to the Nietzschean Critique Notes Feminism, Gender Equality, and Civil Society I. The History of Feminist Thought II. The Public and the Private III. Perspectives on the Feminist Political Project IV. Feminism Beyond Gender?: The Expanding Scope of the Feminist Project Notes Twenty-first Century Challenges for Civil Society: Culture, Religion, and Climate Change I. Introduction II. Multiculturalism and Civil Society III. Civil Society and Religion IV. Climate Change and Civil Society V. Civility and Global Civil Society Notes Civil Society, Liberal Democracy, and Racial Injustice: A Political Theory Informed by the Black Experience in America I. Introduction: Civil Society and Liberal Democracy II. The Public Sphere and Liberal Democracy III. Civil Society and the Public Sphere IV. Political Theory and Race: Core Argument V. Reconstruction, Jim Crow, and Memory VI. Frederick Douglass, Radical Injustice, and Civil Society VII. W.E.B Du Bois, Booker T. Washington, and Memory VIII. Martin Luther King Jr. and the Civil Rights Movement IX. Mass Incarceration, Capitalism, and Reparations X. Protest Politics XI. Response and Rejoinder Notes

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