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Informal Women Workers in the Global South: Policies and Practices for the Formalisation of Women’s

I. The global incidence of informality II. Defining the informal economy, informal work and informal workers III. Approaches to formalisation IV The countries considered in this volume India South Africa Ghana Morocco Thailand V. The way forward: insights and policy recommendations The significance of the macroeconomic context Recognising what genuine progressive formalisation means The formalisation of enterprises versus formality for workers Framing laws and regulations appropriately The need to avoid oppressive or punitive regulation Social context, rigidities of formalisation in the context of gender relations The urgent imperative of universal social protection The importance of mobilisation and association Notes References Insecurity of women workers and the chimera of formality in India I. Introduction II. Employment patterns III. Formal and informal sector activity in India IV. Official strategies for formalisation Unorganized Workers' Social Security Act (UWSSA), 2008 Maternity Benefits Act (1961), Amendment 2017 Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana Stand up India The Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulations of Street Vending) Act, 2014 Demonetisation and digitisation of payments Goods and Services Tax V. Results from a primary survey of workers in Delhi NCR Profile of survey respondents Wages and conditions of work Social security provision Floating between "formal" and "informal" work Demonetisation, digital payments and banking Union participation and awareness of laws and government schemes VI. A brief postscript on the impact of the pandemic VII. Conclusions Notes References Growing informality and women's work in South Africa I. Introduction II. Trends in aggregate employment Waste pickers and reclaimers Domestic workers Informal artisanal women workers in the mining sector IV. ILO Recommendation 204 and its relevance for South Africa V. The gendered impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on informal workers VI. Conclusion References Does formalisation improve women's work conditions?: A review of the regulatory regime for contract farming and domestic trade in Ghana II The socio-economic and policy context of regulation Trends in economic growth Changes in the structure of the economy Labour market context Informal employment III Contract farming and informality in agriculture Contract farming in Ghana: from public private partnership to private sector leadership Four private sector led cases of contract farming Blue Skies Ghana Limited Caltech Ventures Limited (Caltech)Serendipalm Company Limited Building Businesses on Values, Integrity and Dignity (B-BOVID) Company Limited The regulatory regimes for contract farming schemes compared The nature of regulation State regulation: labour regulation Company regulation: production and labour regulations Labour regulation and the role of international certification bodies The labour relations of contract farming Regulation of contract farming and its relationship with formalisation of employment IV. Domestic trading Regulation of domestic trading in Ghana State regulatory actions: banking and financial sector reforms Local government regulatory approaches Traders associations V. Conclusion VI. Postscript Anti-COVID-19 measures for households, businesses and the general public Who are the beneficiaries of Government of Ghana COVID-19 responses?Anti-COVID-19 measures and the case study groups Notes References Striving for formalisation: Gender and youth aspects of informal employment in Morocco I. Introduction II Economic context Labour market trends Labour market legislation Employment in Morocco Informal employment and surveys of informality Informal employment in the NSIS Informal employment in the NLFS Medical coverage Retirement benefits Contractual employment Wage employment III Policies with respect to formalisation Policies towards the formalisation of enterprises Policies and laws towards worker's formalisation The NES Active employment programmes Women and active employment programmes Laws aiming at formalisation in specific sectors Other policies of formalisation Health insurance The pension system Benefits for loss of employment IV The impact and effectiveness of formalisation policies The impact of active employment programmes Impact of employment programmes on formalization The overlap between the beneficiaries' files and the salary declaration files Recipient tracking surveys Evaluation of career paths The impact of the laws aiming at formalisation on specific sectors Effectiveness of the law on formalising domestic employment Effectiveness of the law on self-entrepreneurs at formalisation V. Youth and informal employment VI. Conclusion Notes Bibliography The socio-economic complexities of formalisation of women's employment in Thailand I. Introduction Macroeconomic trends III. Thailand's formalisation policies Formalisation of workers through expanding social security Alternatives to social security: universal and targeted social protection schemes Other recent approaches to formalisation IV. A Gendered perspective on Thailand's formalisation policies Social security schemes Formalising online enterprises and developing online payment platforms V. The interaction between formalisation and gender in Thailand: three case studies Case study 1: domestic work and cleaning services Government policies and domestic work Statistical overview of domestic work in Thailand Formal versus informal domestic and cleaning work in Thailand Interviews with "Mae Baan" working in Bangkok Concluding remarks on domestic workers Case study 2: sex work Legalisation and formality Organisation and type of contract Legalisation and/or formalisation Concluding remarks on sex work Case study 3: manufacturing Manufacture of textiles and wearing apparel Manufacture of food products Concluding remarks on manufacturing workers VI. Conclusions Notes References

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