Subject index
AAC, see augmentative and alternative communication absolute (knowledge), 181 acceleration, 395 accent, 77 accredited, 175
acoustic analysis, 421-425,431-33, 435-37 dynamic analysis, 425,431,436 spectrogram, 17-21,24 target analysis, 425 types of acoustic analysis, 17-19 acoustic phonetics, 16-26,27-8 acquisition/development, 77-8, 81-6, 229-30 active nasal air emission, 265, 278 African American English, 89, 94-96 aglossia, 381-2
airstream mechanisms, 5-7, 153 glottalic, 7 non-pulmonic, 153 pulmonic. 6-7, 153 velaric, 7
see also non-pulmonic egressive sounds alphabet. 153 Greek. 153 Latin. 153
See also International Phonetic Alphabet altered sensory feedback, 461
clinical trials using sensory feedback prostheses 464-5,468, 470-1,474 delayed auditory feedback, 462-65 frequency shifted feedback, 465-71 neuroplasticity, 470
partial resistance to extinction effect, 464 prostheses. 463-5,468-70, 474 somatosensory feedback, 461, 466,471-3 vibrotactile feedback, 471-4 Alzheimer’s disease, 435
American English, 89, 91-97 analogue to digital conversion, 223 anatomy and physiology of the auditory system, 28-33
acoustic reflex (AR). 32
auditory cortex, 480
cochlea, 30-1
cerebral cortex, 32
internal auditory system (IAS), 32
organ of Corti, 30
ossicular chain, 29-31
otoacoustic emission (OAE), 31
peripheral auditory system (PAS), 29-31
tinnitus, 32-3
tinnitus tones, 33
tonotopy, 31
aphasia, 38, 44, 46-7, 58, 68, 91,434-5, 487 paraphasias, 68 aphonia, 516
see also dysphonia Appearance Models, 392 apraxia of speech, 18, 20, 56, 68-9, 257-63, 381-4.407, 425, 430, 432, 434-5 childhood apraxia of speech (CAS), 45, 70.
407.411
approximant-r, 101-2, 105-6 apical-r, 101-2 bunched-r, 102 articulation. 3-15, 155
alveolar ridge, hard palate and velum, 10
double articulation, 12, 155
estimation. 393
impossible, 155
lips and teeth. 10
overview of, 3-5
pharynx and glottis. 11
secondary, 83—4, 159
tongue, 11
voiced and voiceless, 9 See also manner of articulation, place of articulation articulator, 155 active, 155 passive, 155
articulatory phonetics, 3-15, 27 Articulograph, 358-71 AG500, 358, 359, 360, 369, 371 AG501, 358, 359, 360, 362, 369, 371 Artificial Neural Network. 392-3 assessment, 230, 237 assimilation. 41 attention, 480,483-5, 487-9 audiogram, 445 configuration, 453, 455 interpretation, 446, 447,451,453 audiology. 27
medical: pediatrics, gerontology, neurology, 27 non-medical: physics, psychology, education, 27 audiometry, 34
pure tone audiometry, 444, 447-8,455,459 speech audiometry, 447, 455-9 auditory judgement, 156 auditory phonetics, 27 auditory-visual speech, 387-9 interference, 387
augmentative and alternative communication. 516-8
baseline competencies. 176 benchmark, 176-77, 179, 183 bilingual, 77-8, 82-5, 89-91,96-7 biofeedback 256-62, 399, 407 biomarker speech as. 225 botulinum toxin 256, 262-3 brackets, square, 153 breathy voice, see phonation
categorical perception. 45-7 group differences in. 46 in clinical research, 46-7 child speech disorders, 69-70 articulation disorders. 70 phonological disorders, 70-1 CH1LDES, 228-230 see also speech corpus / corpora cleft palate, 9, 46, 62, 65-6, 84, 102, 199-201, 264, 274, 277, 279, 315, 326, 332, 341, 346, 350-2, 376, 381-3, 407, 427, 430 clinical. 77-8, 82. 84, 86
clinical assessment, 89-93, 95-97 coarticulation, 40-44, 425,428 anticipatory, 41 carry-over, 41 compensation for. 44 C-to-V, 425, 428
factors affecting. 42 in clinical research, 44 resistance, 42
second formant transitions. 433 V-to-C, 425, 434 window model, 43
competency/proficiency-based standards, 175 consonant articulation. 20-21, 78-84, 153 VOT (voice onset time), 20-21 oral stops. 20-21
consonant manner of articulation, 12-13 affricate. 12-13 approximant. 13 obstruent, 13 plosive, 12-13 sonorant, 13 tap/flap, 13
constructively aligned, 181, 183 cranio-facial anomalies, see cleft palate creaky voice, see phonation crosslinguistic, 77-86
data, see speech data database, 228-30, 244 declarative knowledge, 180 deep learning, 179-81,393 delayed auditory feedback, see altered sensory feedback
dementia, 435,451 diacritic, 157, 159-60 dialect. 77-9, 82, 85-6, 89, 91^1 dichotic listening, 480-9
Stimuli for Dichotic Listening Tasks, 481-485 difference curve/surface, 126-7, 134-5 differential diagnosis, 177 digital signal processing, 418 FFT.421,427 PGA, 421
power spectra. 421, 427 dysarthria, 18, 21,60, 62, 69-70, 108-11, 196 258-9, 261-2, 384, 411,428, 434 ataxic, 20, 69-70 dyskinesia, 70 flaccid, 69 hyperkinetic, 69 hypokinetic, 69 mixed. 69 spastic, 69-70 dyslexia. 488 dysphonia, 315-6, 319 see also aphonia
ear. 29
EGG. see electroglottography electrode 250-6, 259-62 intramuscular 250-1,254-6, monopolar 252-3 surface 251-4, 256, 260-3
electroglottography (EGG), see electrolaryngography electrolaryngography (ELG), 306-321 electromagnetic articulography (EMA),
357
data processing, 362-366 future developments, 371-372 history, 357-358
measurement principles, 358-359 published literature, 366-371 technical evaluations, 359-361 electromagnetic field, 357, 372 electromyography (EMG) 213, 248-3 laryngeal (LEMG) 256, 258 surface (sEMG) 250-4, 256, 260-3 visualization 254-5
electropalatography (EPG), 213-4, 339 assessment. 346-50 equipment, 339-40 historical background, 340-1 how to use, 341-2 speech therapy, 350-1 treatment efficacy, 352 quantitative measures/indices, 346-50 centre of gravity (COG) index, 347-8 coarticulation index, 348-50 percent contact, 347-8 trough index (TI), 349-50 variability index (VI), 347-9 see also tongue-palate contact patterns ELG, see electrolaryngography EMA, see electromagnetic articulography EMG, see electromyography enhanced optical imaging, 300 entry level, 175-76, 179-80, 183 EPG, see electropalatography ethnolect, 89, 91, 94
f(/F0, see fundamental frequency face expression, 388-9 face motion, 388-94, 396 capture, 388-90
Facial Action Coding System. 389 facial surface, 387, 389-90, 392, 395 falsetto, see phonation filter, 395
Functional Data Analysis, 395 Savitzky-Golay, 395 smoothing. 395
fluency disorders, 18,71, 194-5, 198,210,257, 432-3,461 —4,468-9, 473 frame rates, 400
frequency shifted/altered feedback, see altered sensory feedback
fundamental frequency, 308-10, 312, 314-6, 318-9
fusion, 481,484-85
GDPR. 178
generalized additive model (GAM), 110-37 genetic syndromes, 66-7 cri-du-chat, 66-7 Down, 66 fragile-x, 66 Noonan, 66 Prader-Willi, 66 Williams, 66 glossectomy, 68, 382-3 glottal shape, 296 closure, 291, 298
glottis, 5-8 11, 61, 63, 157, 282, 293 306-11, 314. 423
subglottal pressure, 306
hardware selection, 217-8
portable recording hardware, 218 harmonic to noise ratio (HNR), 22 head motion, 390, 393-4 tracking, 396 hearing, 27
auditory localization. 480, 485 auditory stimulus, 28 auditory sensation, 28 auditory perception and the central nervous system. 28
central auditory processing, 488-89 See also measurement of hearing, routes of hearing hearing impairment, 27, 29, 35, 71, 195-6, 422, 424-425, 436-437 acoustic neuroma, 32 acquired. 36 auditory agnosia, 38 auditory imperception, 37 central auditory processing disorder, 37-8 cochlear implants, 32, 37 conductive, 35-6, 452-3,458 congenital. 36 conversion deafness, 38 degrees of, 451-2,455 hysterical deafness, 38 Menieres syndrome, 36 mixed, 37,453—4 nerve loss, 36
noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL), 36 nonorganic (functional), 35, 38 organic, 35
perceptive impairment, 36 presbycusis, 36 psychogenic, 35 sensorineural, 36,453-5,458-9 threshold shift. 36
hemispheric asymmetry, 480, 482, 486 language laterality, 484-86 Flidden Markov Model, 392, 509 Hyper- and Hypoarticulation theory of speech, 40
ideophone, 161
image plane, 390, 392
instrumental analysis, 79, 176, 179-80
see also entries for individual analysis techniques International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), 78-83, 142-3, 152-62, 508,511 alphabet, 152-62 Association, 152 chart, 153-162 Council, 160 Handbook, 159, 161 Illustrations of, 159, 162 inter-trial dependency, 110-1, 113-5 intonation, 23-24, 58-61, 160 fundamental frequency (F0), 17, 20, 22-24 pitch, 22-24
jitter, 308, 314
к correction factor, 267 kinematic, 362, 366, 371
language processing, 486-89 adults, 487-88 children, 489
laryngeal dystonia (see also spasmodic dysphonia) 255-6, 262-3 laryngectomy, 67-8 laryngoscopy, 282-91, 301 direct, 282 high-speed. 301 indirect, 283
laryngeal parameters, 291 mirror, 285 rigid telescopic, 285 transnasal flexible, 287 larynx, 4-5, 7-12, 19, 61-2, 33, 67, 212, 256, 282-302 306-21,330,512 cricoarytenoid muscles, 307-8 cricothyroid muscle, 308 height, 172
laterality development, 485-87 learning outcomes, 178, 181, 183 lip reading, 387 loudness, 62-3
machine learning, 392-3
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 213—4-, 375-84 accessibility, 378 cine MRI, 378 clinical application, 380-3 data acquisition process, 379-80 denoising. 380
evolution of technology, 378-9
exclusion criteria, 377
posture, 377
real-time MRI, 378-9
resolution (temporal, spatial), 379-80
safety, 375-7, 379, 384 static MRI, 378 mandible, 389, 391,397 manner of articulation, 12-13, 153 affricate, 159 fricative, 153 lateral, 153,429-30 nasal, 155,428-430,433,435,436 flap, 158, 160 tap, 156
trill, 156,310, 314 Maximal Onset Principle, 56 McGurk Effect, 387 measurement of hearing, 34 hearing level (HL). 445, 446 masking, 447-8 normal hearing range, 34 pure tones, 34
pure-tone average (PTA), 34-5 threshold of hearing, 34, 446-7,449-53 white noise, 34 see also audiometry memory, 480,484 microphone, 218-23 configuration, 221 directionality, 218, 221-2 noise level, 222 positioning, 222 testing, 222-3 mid-sagittal, 401-2 mismatch, 81, 83-5 modal voice, see phonation model comparison, 124 model criticism, 127-9, 132-3 residual, 128-9 concurvity, 132-3 mora, 47
motivation, 181-82 intrinsic, 181, 183 extrinsic, 181, 183 motor learning, 351 motor unit 249, 260-3 mucosal wave, 291, 293-296, 298, 299 multilingual, 77-9,82-6,89-91,96-7, 176-77, 179 muscle 248-62
fatigue 255, 259, 261 fiber 249, 252-3, 255 laryngeal 248-9, 250, 253-4, 256-62 tension, 287, 291, 294, 295, 298
narrow band imaging, 300 nasal airflow, 264,266-7,269-71,273-5,277,279 anticipatory, 274
audible nasal air emission, 265, 274, 277 nasalization, 433-4 passive nasal air emission, 265 nasal fricative(s), 265, 275, 277-8, 280 nasality 322
oral-nasal balance 322, 331-332 nasality disorders 322, 331-332 Nasometer 322-325 alternative instruments 328-331 clinical applications 326, 331-332 history 323 nasalance 322-323 norms 325-326 variation 326-328 neural networks. 437 noise to harmonic ratio (NHR), 433 non-pulmonic egressive sounds, 198-202 clicks, 157-8, 199-201 ejectives, 157, 201 implosives, 157,201-2 pulmonic ingressive, 198-9
obstruents, 418, 426 center of gravity, 427—428, 433 spectral moments 427, 433,435 VOT, 426-27,436-37 optical flow, 392,
oral airflow, 264, 269, 272, 275-8, 280 oral air pressure, 264, 270-1, 273-5, 277 oral-nasal mask, 272 orifice equation, 267
PaCE (palatal closure efficiency) index, 279 Parkinson’s disease, 60, 315-16, 427,435-436 pedagogy, 180, 184 perception, 77-81, 84 auditory, limits of, 212 perceptual units, 47-9 phase closure, 296 phase symmetry, 296 Phon, 228, 230-44
PhonBank, 228-230, 244 phonation, 153, 306-21
breathy voice, 308, 317, 319 creaky voice, 308, 316-17 falsetto, 308, 316, 319 modal voice, 308-9, 316-19 voiced vs voiceless, 153 see also voicing phoneme, 152, 161 phonetic alphabets, 141-3, 148 phonetic and phonological contrast, 182 phonetic reduction, 40 phonetic similarity, 182 phonetic transcription, 79-82, 103, 141-8,
163-73, 228-30, 232, 236-39, 241-2, 508-509, 511,513-514
automatic phonetic transcription, 509-511, 513-514 broad, 177-9 by realization, 187-92 by target, 187-92 degree of detail in, 143—4
extensions to the IPA (extlPA), 165-170, 187-92 manual phonetic transcription, 508, 510 narrow, 177-9, 193-205 nature of, 141-8
of disordered speech, 163-73, 187-92, 193-205
of intonation, 172-3
philosophies of, 187-9
process of, 145-8
reliability, 147
Shriberg-Kent (SK) system, 187-92 transcribers, 143-7 types of, 142-3 variability in, 144-5 phonetics, 77-9, 81-4, 86, 228-30, 242 phonological/phonology, 77-9, 81—4,86,228-30,242 development, 228-30, 240, 244 disorders, 228-30, 244
pitch, see fundamental frequency, suprasegmentals place of articulation, 9-12, 83-4, 153, 155-6 alveolo-palatal, 155-6, 158 coronal, 82-3 dorsal/velar, 83-4 epiglottal, 158 glottal, 158 labial. 81,83 labiodental, 160 palatal, 153 palato-alveolar, 155-6 pharyngeal, 155 retroflex, 155-6
pneumotachograph(s), 267, 269-72, 280 Praat, 230, 242-4
pressure-flow method, 266-8, 271-3, 277 pressure transducers), 267, 269-71, 279 progressive speech deterioration, 197-8 pronunciation, 142, 146-7 pronunciation dictionary, 146 proprioceptive feedback, limits of, 212
quality assurance, 175
report, 239, 241-3 resonance 331-332 Rainbow passage. 104 right ear advantage, 481-82 scoring, 483 test condition, 484-85 rigid body motion, 389, 393—4 routes of hearing, 33 air conduction, 34, 446 admittance, impedance, immittance, 34 bone conduction, 34,446 conductive hearing, 33 sensorineural hearing, 33—4 tuning fork, 34
sampling frequency and rate, 223, 225 segment, 78-86
shimmer, 308, 314 Shortlist В model, 47
smooth, 111-9, 121-2, 124, 126-8, 132-4, 137 basis function, 111, 115, 117, 119 effective degree of freedom, 116 factor smooth, 114-5, 119, 121-2, 128 spline, 111, 119, 132 tensor product smooth, 132-5, 137 sociolinguistics, 101, 106 software, 228-30, 241,244 sonorant, 159 sonority, 49-51, 55-6 controversy, 49 rank order, 49-51 sonority sequence principle, 50 sound pressure level (SPL), 445-6 sound spectrography, 213-4, spasmodic dysphonia, 23, 172, 255, 316 speech analysis, 212-6 impressionistic, 212-3 perceptual, 212-3
see also entries for individual analysis techniques speech acoustics, 228, 230, 232, 234, 239, 242-3 speech assessment 509-510
Maltese-English speech assessment. 509-510 monolingual, 509 bilingual, 509
speech corpus / corpora, 142, 146-7, 228, 230-5, 237-8, 243^t
Spoken Dutch corpus, 142, 146-7 speech data, 82, 142, 179, 182, 191, 212, 215,
230, 242, 379,405
analysis, 228-30, 232, 234, 237, 239, 241-3
limitations of, 215
phonetic, 108-37
query, 239—43
sharing, 230, 233, 243-4
storage, 212, 220
speech disorders, 65-72, 92-93, 97, 146, 148,
248, 255, 257-8, 508
childhood speech disorders, 69-71, 197
functional speech sound disorders, 508
genetic origin, 65-67
neurogenic, 68-69
organic speech sound disorders, 508
protracted phonological development, 83
surgical origin, 67-68
speech perception, 472, 482,484-85,487,489 speech production, stages of, 4-14,461 articulation, 10-12 initiation, 5-7 overview of, 4-5 phonation, 7-9 speech rate, 24-5 speech reading, 387-8 speech recognition, 508-509, 512, 514 automatic speech recognition, 508-514
algorithms, 508-509 human speech recognition, 514 hidden Markov model, 509 test (SRT, audiology), 447-9 speech recording, 17, 224-5 accuracy of, 510-12 acquiring speech/voice recordings, 217 at-home speech recordings, 225 features of equipment, 219-20, external soundcard, 223 recording environments, 224 recording outside the lab, 224—5 recording software, 223-4 speech research, indices, 215 norms, 215
speech synthesis, 516-21
clinical applications of, 517-21 history of, 517 intelligibility, 517-8 message banking in, 520-1 naturalness, 518-9 prosody in, 518-9 terminology in, 517 voice and identity in, 519-20 voice banking in, 520-1 spontaneous speech, 104 stress-timed, 57 strobolaryngoscopy, 292-7 interpretation, 294 principles, 292 rating form, 297 technique, 294
stuttering, see fluency disorders stylistic variation, 101-6 substitution, 82-4 superscripts, 159-60 suprasegmentals, 54—64, 160 length, 57, 160 pitch, 57-61, 160 stress, 56-7, 160 tone, 160
surface learning, 180 syllable, 54-6, 157 syllable-timed, 57
TalkBank, 228-30, 244 tempo, 62-3 TextGrid, 232, 242-44 threshold concept, 181 time-varying response, 110, 120-4 autocorrelation, 122-4 tone language, 57-8, 309 tongue-palate contact patterns (EPG), 342-5 affricates, 343^1
alveolar stops/plosives, 340, 343, 346, 350 approximants, 343-4
fricatives, 343, 349 middorsum palatal stop, 346 velar stops/plosives, 343-6 vowels. 344-5, 350
transcription, see Phonetic transcription treatment, 77-8, 85-6 traumatic brain injury (TBI), 487
ultrasound. 214-5, 357, 399-414 equipment, 400-1 headset, 401
probe (transducer), 400-1 see also ultrasound data analysis, ultrasound errors ultrasound data analysis. 404-7 splines, 404—405 ultrasound metrics, 406-7 ultrasound errors, 408- abnormal timing, 411 complete closure, 410 covert contrast, 412-413 double articulation, 411 fronted placement, 410 increased contact, 410 retroflex, 411 retraction. 410 undershoot. 411 variability, 411-412 Unicode, 152, 161 u-tube manometer, 269
valence, 183
variability/variation, 78-82, 85-6 acceptability, 78, 81-2 consonantal variation. 95 context, 77-82, 84-6 geographical, 130-6 phonetic, 89, 91, 94, 96 speech description, 78-9 velar bounce, 280 velocity, 395
velopharyngeal impairment, 381-2 video tracking, 387-98 features, 392, 395 marker-based, 390-1 marker-free, 392-3 marker placement, 396-7 marker reflectance. 391 marker size, 391 methods, 390-3 noise, 397
occlusions, 389, 396 systems, 390-3, 395-6 visual speech, 387-388 intelligibility gain, 388 vocal fold. 286, 306-21
movement, 286, 290, 291,295, 297, mucosa, 286, 299
vocal fold vibration, 296 amplitude, 296 regularity, 296
vocal hyperfunction 256, 259, 261 vocal task, 290 voice disorders, 71,255-6 see also dysphonia voice quality, 22-3, 61-2 breathy, 61
Cepstral Peak Prominence (CPP). 23 harmonic-to-noise ratio (HNR), 22 jitter, see perturbation measures, 22 long-term average spectra (LTAS). 22-3 modal. 61
pertubation measures, 22
shimmer, see perturbation measures, 22
whisper, 61
see also phonation
voice quality symbols (VoQS), 170-2
See also International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) voicing, 310, 316, 427, 430. 434, 435, 436 prevoicing, 437 devoicing, 426 see also phonation
vowels, 13-14, 79-82, 84-5, 89, 92-3, 96, 153, 157,422
advancement parameter, 13-14 articulation of. 19 back, 156
Cardinal Vowel system. 14. 156 central, 156
diphthongs and monophthongs. 14 differences between vowels and consonants. 12-13 errors. 93
F2. second formant, 422, 433, 434
F3, third formant 423, 429-431,433front, 156
formants, 19-20,24-5, 157.422-425,428,435
height, 13-14
merger, 92-3
space (quadrilateral), 155, 159,425,433,435-36 vowel inherent spectral change, 93
WAVE, 357-62, 369, 371-2 wavelet. 392
weak pressure consonants, 264, 266, 274, 279 whole word match. 85 word list, 103—4 word structure. 78, 82, 85-6 cluster, 80-1, 85 coda, 81-2, 85 length. 79, 80, 81,85 multisyllabic, 85 prosodic. 81 stress, 79-81, 85
tone, 79-80
