Next >

Handbook of Harnessing Biomaterials in Nanomedicine: Preparation, Toxicity, and Applications

Biomaterial-Based Particulate Drug Carriers Introduction The Needs for Drug Carriers Drug Carriers: Essential Requirements Major Categories of Drug Carriers Carrier-Mediated Drug Targeting Biomaterial-Based Particulate Drug Carriers: Advantages and Drawbacks A Wide Choice of Raw Materials Utilizing Nature’s Sites for Targeting and High-Affinity Binding Lower Risks of Adverse Effects, Toxicity, and Undesirable Immune Responses Drawbacks of Biomaterial-Based Particulate Drug Carriers Particle Size, Route of Administration, and Therapeutic Needs The Conceptual Approach and Definitions of Passive and Active Targeting Systemic Administration, Passive and Active Targeting Administration by Local Injection Oral Administration of Drug-Carrier Formulations Conclusions and Future Prospects Single-Chain Polymer Nanoparticles for Application in Nanomedicine Introduction Single-Chain Polymer Nanoparticles Chain-Collapse Strategies Homo-Functional Chain Collapse Hetero-Bifunctional Chain Collapse Cross-Linker-Mediated Chain Collapse One-Block Collapse of Diblock or Triblock Copolymers Characterization and Physical Properties of SCPNs Applications and Future Perspectives Polyethylene Glycol Polyester Block Copolymers: Biocompatible Carriers for Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Introduction Synthesis of PEO-Poly(e-Caprolactone)Polymer Characterization of PEO-PCL Characterization of PEO-PCL Micelles CMC measurements Relative core microviscosity Drug Delivery from Diblock PEO-PCL Copolymer Micelles Drug Delivery of Anti-Cancer Agents from Diblock PEO-PCL Micelles Flory–Huggins Interaction Parameters Between Drugs and Polymeric Cores Drug Delivery from Triblock Copolymer Micelles of PEO and PCL Blocks Drug Delivery from Star Copolymer Micelles of PEO and PCL Drug Delivery from Substituted Diblock PEO-PCL Copolymer Micelles Characterization of Cellular Uptake and Pre- Clinical Efficacy in vivo Cellular Internalization of PEO-PCL Micelles Cellular Distribution of PEO-PCL Micelles Efficacy and Stability of PEO-PCL Micelle Drug Delivery in vivo Concluding Remarks Recent Progress in Polymer Therapeutics as Nanomedicines Introduction Polymeric Backbone Degradable polymers backbone Non-degradable polymer backbone Linker Targeting Moiety Polymeric Drugs Polymer–Drug Conjugates Polymer–Protein Conjugates Defined Shape Polymeric Nanocarriers Self-Assembled Polymers Dendrimers The Influence of Shape on Performance Polymer–DNA/RNA Complexes Combination Therapy Summary and a Look Into the Future Polysaccharides as Nanomaterials for Therapeutics Introduction Polysaccharides Chitosan Alginate Hyaluronan Dextran Cyclodextrins Arabinogalactan Pullulan Heparin Main Mechanisms of Nanoparticle Preparation from Polysaccharides Cross-Linking Covalent cross-linking Ionic cross-linking Polyelectrolyte Complexation (PEC)Self-Assembly Polysaccharide-Based Nanoparticles Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles Alginate-Based Nanoparticles Hyaluronan-Based Nanoparticles Dextran-Based Nanoparticles Cyclodextrin-Based Nanoparticles Arabinogalactan-Based Nanoparticles Pullulan-Based Nanoparticles Polysaccharide-Coated Nanoparticles Chitosan-Coated Nanoparticles Hyaluronan-Coated Nanoparticles Heparin- and Dextran-Coated Nanoparticles Summary RNAi as New Class of Nanomedicines Introduction Cell-Type Specific Delivery Antibody-Mediated siRNA Delivery Ligand-Mediated siRNA Delivery Aptamer-Mediated siRNA Delivery Intracellular Trafficking of siRNAs Strategies for Endosomal Escape Cationic Lipids pH-Sensitive Lipoplexes pH-Sensitive Polyplexes Fusogenic Proteins Dynamic Polyconjugates Off-Target Effects of siRNAs Conclusions Novel RNA Interference-Based Nanomedicines for Treating Viral Infections Introduction DNA Viruses Hepatitis В Virus (HBV)Human Papillomavirus (HPV)Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2)Positive-Strand RNA Viruses Flaviviruses Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)SARS Coronavirus (SARS-CoV)Retroviruses Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)Negative-Sense RNA Viruses Respiratory Syncytial Virus Ebola (EBOV)Influenza Conclusions Detection and Description of Tissue Disease: Advances in the Use of Nanomedicine for Medical Imaging Introduction Contrast Media for Computed Tomography Macromolecular Contrast Agents Micelles Liposomes Dendrimers Other Radioopaque Elements Targeting CT Contrast Agent Summary Ultrasound Shell Core Targeting Inflammation Targeting Cancer Summary Image-Based High-Content Analysis, Stem Cells and Nanomedicines: A Novel Strategy for Drug Discovery Introduction Image-Based High-Content Screening Stem Cells Used for Lead Discovery Stem Cells Human Embryonic Stem Cells Adult Mesenchymal Stem Cells Induced Pluriputent Stem Cells Personalized Medicine Platforms Stem Cells as Tools for Improvement of Safety and Toxicology Advances in Nanomedicine for Drug Discovery Using HCS Concluding Remarks Wrong Resemblance? Role of the Immune System in the Biocompatibility of Nanostructured Materials Introduction Basic Functions of the Immune System Antigen Recognition by Antibodies Antibody Effector Mechanisms and the Activation of the Complement System Cell-Bound Receptors Nanomaterials and the Immune System Biopolymers and the Immune Response Size, Shape, and the Immune Response Structural Decay of Adsorbed Proteins and the Immune Response Conclusions Complement Activation, Immunogenicity, and Immune Suppression as Potential Side Effects of Liposomes Introduction Types and Features of Immune Responses to Liposomes General Causes Behind Immune Recognition of Liposomes Consequences of Immune Recognition of Liposomes Acute Hypersensitivity Reactions Symptoms and occurrence Complement activation by liposomes as an underlying mechanism of hypersensitivity reactions Mechanism of Liposome Reactions and Its Individual Variation Immunogenicity of Liposomes Immune Suppression by Liposomes Conclusions and Outlook Biomolecular Assemblies as Multifunctional Drug Designs Introduction Albumin: The Ideal Drug Delivery Scaffold Albumin-Conjugation Biomolecular Albumin-Oligonucleotide Assemblies Modular Designs Albumin-Oligonucleotide Constructs Application for Half-Life Extension of Nucleic Acid Aptamers Future Perspectives Rational Design of Polymeric Nanoconstructs for Drug Delivery and Biomedical Imaging Introduction Spherical Polymeric Nanoparticles Discoidal Polymeric Nanoconstructs DPNs Softness and Phagocytosis μPlates: Implantable Systems Modeling the Vascular Dynamics of Polymeric Nanoconstructs Conclusions and Future Perspectives Barriers in the Tumor Microenvironment to Nanoparticle Activity Barriers in the Tumor Microenvironment to Nanoparticle Uptake Nanoparticles and the Tumor Blood Vessels Nanoparticles and ECM Nanoparticles and the Lymphatic System Nanoparticle Interactions with Different Cellular Populations of the Tumor Microenvironment Interaction with Cancer Associated Fibroblasts Interaction with Immune Cells Interaction with Cancer Stem Cells Nanoparticles and Tumor Metabolism Nanoparticles and Acidic Extracellular pH Nanoparticles and Hypoxia Nanoparticles and Glucose Metabolism Doxil® — The First FDA-Approved Nano-Drug: From an Idea to a Product Historical Perspectives First-Generation Liposomal Doxorubicin — Liver-Directed Liposomal Doxorubicin Background Liposomal Doxorubicin (First Generation): From Design to Formulation, Characterization, and Stability Cytotoxicity to Cells in Culture (in vitro)Pharmacokinetics and Biodistribution Studies in Mice Toxicity Therapeutic efficacy Scale-Up OLV-DOX Clinical Trials What Was Known in 1985 on “First in Man” Studies and the Clinical Use of Liposomes as Carriers of Drugs and Imaging Agents?Phase I Clinical Trials of Liposomal Doxorubicin (OLV-DOX)OLV-DOX Pharmacokinetics, Biodistribution, and in vivo Imaging in Humans Conclusions of Our Clinical Experience with OLV-DOX as the Basis for the Development of Novel Liposomal DOX for Treatment of Metastatic Tumors Doxil® Development Turning DOX-OLV Failure into Doxil Success Requirements to Achieve Therapeutically Efficacious Passively Targeted Drug Loaded Liposomes and Means to Fulfill Them Liposomes Having Prolonged Blood Circulation The Lesson Learned from Pegylated Proteins Selection of Pegylated Nanoliposomes as the Basis of Doxil Remote Loading of Doxorubicin into Nano Sterically Stabilized Liposomes (nSSL) to Form Doxil The need for remote loading Drug classification Remote loading optimization Ammonium sulfate transmembrane gradient driven doxorubicin loading into nSSL The Role of Drug Release Rate (koff)Doxil: Each Part Matters Doxil-Related I.P.Doxil Performance in Humans Pharmacokinetics and Passive Targeting to Tumors Doxil Tolerability Doxil Therapeutic Indications Conclusions, Take-Home Lessons, and Future Directions Doxil: Historical Perspectives Personal Touch

Next >