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Nanotechnological Approaches in Food Microbiology

Mathematical Models and Kinetic Studies for the Assessment of Antimicrobial Properties of Metal Nanoparticles Introduction History Classification of Nanoparticles Nanoparticles Based on Origin Nanoparticle Use in Antimicrobials (Basics)Titanium Dioxide–Based Nanocomposites Silver-Based Nanocomposites Zinc Oxide–Based Nanocomposite Barrier Properties Kinetic Model for the Analysis of the Antimicrobial Activity of Nanoparticles Effect of Particle and Size Determination Antimicrobial Efficacy Kinetic Model for the Release Rate of Nanoparticles Two-Step Release Profile Model Based on the Arrhenius Equation Langmuir–Hinshelwood Mechanism of Adsorption Gompertz and Logistics Modified Model Negative Sigmoid Model The Logistic Model With a Shift in Lag Phase Weibull Model Biphasic Equation Alternative Death Models Models for the Optimization of the Chemical Vapor Synthesis of Nanoparticles Methods Using the Solid Precursor Methods Using Vapor or Liquid Precursor Conclusion References Mushroom Extract–Reduced Metal Nanoparticles: An Effective Approach Against Food Pathogenic Bacteria Introduction Green Synthesis of NPs Mechanism of Mycosynthesis of Nanoparticles Effect of Different Factors Upon the Synthesis of Nanoparticles Characterization of Synthesized Nanoparticles Chemical Characterization Optical Spectroscopy Optical Absorption Spectroscopy Photoluminescence Spectroscopy Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy Structural Characterization X-Ray Diffraction Technique Scanning Electron Microscopy Transmission Electron Microscopy Atomic Force Microscopy Differential Scanning Calorimetry Application of Myconanoparticles Against Food Pathogenic Bacteria Food Pathogenic Bacteria and Their Effect on Health Resistance of Foodborne Bacteria Against Antibiotics Mechanism of Action of Myconanoparticles Against Food Pathogenic Bacteria Conclusion References Antimicrobial Efficacy of Neem Extract–Stabilized Metal Nanoparticles Introduction Different Types of Nanoparticles Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles Techniques for the Characterization of Nanoparticles Applications of Nanoparticles AZADIRACHTA INDICA MEDIATED SYNTHESIS OF METALLIC NANOPARTICLES Antimicrobial Potential of Biosynthesized of Nanoparticles Mechanism of Antimicrobial Activity Conclusion References Metal Nanoparticles of Microbial Origin and Their Antimicrobial Applications in Food Industries Introduction Routes for the Synthesis of Nanostructures Chemical Synthesis Biological Synthesis Biosynthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Using Bacteria Metal Nanoparticle Synthesis by Lactic Acid Bacteria Yeast in Nanoparticle Synthesis Viruses in Nanoparticle Synthesis Fungi in Nanoparticle Synthesis Nanoparticle Synthesis Process Characterization of Nanoparticles Need for Green Synthesis Factors Associated With Microbial Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Selection of the Best Microorganism Selection of the Biocatalyst State Optimal Conditions for Cell Growth and Enzyme Activity Optimal Reaction Conditions Extraction and Purification Processes Stabilization of the Produced Nanoparticles Scaling Up the Laboratory Process to the Industrial Scale Application of Nanoparticles in Food and Pharmaceutical Industry Nanoparticles as a Potent Antimicrobial Agent Nanoparticles for Detection and Destruction of Pesticides Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery Nanoparticles in Medicine and Healthcare Nanoparticles in Cancer Treatment Nanoparticles in Agriculture Nanotechnology for Crop Biotechnology Conclusion References A Way Forward With Nano-Antimicrobials as Food Safety and Preservation Concern A Look at the Ongoing Trends Introduction Classification of NSMs Current Scenario and Ongoing Trends BIOCHEMICAL AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS Synthesis of Nanoparticles Mechanism—Nanoparticle Conjugation With Chitosan NANOCARRIERS FOR ANTIMICROBIALS Nano-Encapsulated Systems Production Technology in Use Nanocarrier Systems Nanoantimicrobials Food Applications (Commercial View)IMPROVEMENT OF NANOANTIMICROBIALS References Biogenic Nanoparticles: A New Paradigm for Treating Infectious Diseases in the Era of Antibiotic Resistance Introduction Metal Nanoparticles—Overview Synthesis of Nanoparticles Methods Commonly Used for Nanoparticles Synthesis Synthesis of Nanoparticles by the Physical Method Synthesis of Nanoparticles by the Chemical Method Synthesis of Nanoparticles by the Biological Method Synthesis of Nanoparticles From Fungi Synthesis of NPs From Bacteria Synthesis of NPs by Plant Source Mechanism of Synthesis Characterization Applications of Nanoparticles Antimicrobial Activity of Nanoparticles Antimicrobial Mechanism of Metallic Nanoparticles Factors Affecting the Antimicrobial Activity of Nanoparticles’ Concentration and Size Biogenic Metallic Nanoparticles for Antibacterial Applications Silver Nanoparticles Gold Nanoparticles Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives References Nanoparticles and Antibiotic Drug Composite A Novel Approach Towards Antimicrobial Activity Introduction Antibacterial Resistance Against Antibiotics Mechanism of Resistance to Antibiotics Modification or Degradation of Antibiotic Molecules Chemical Modification/Alteration Destruction in the Chemical Structure of Antibiotics Efflux Pumps Efflux Pump and Antibiotic Resistance Antimicrobial Resistance by Target Site Protection Mechanism of Action of Nanoparticles Against Pathogenic Microorganisms Mechanism of Action of Silver Nanoparticles Against Pathogenic Microorganisms Mechanism of Action of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Against Pathogenic Microorganisms Nanoparticles as the Carrier for Antibiotic Drugs Conclusion References Nanoemulsions of Plant-Based Bioactive Compounds Synthesis, Properties, and Applications Introduction Major Components of Nanoemulsions System Oil Phase and Aqueous Phase Stabilizers Weighting Agents Texture Modifier A Ripening Inhibitor Emulsifiers/Surfactant Destabilization of Nanoemulsion System Gravitational Separation Flocculation and Coalescence Ostwald Ripening Nanoemulsions Preparation Methods High-Energy-Based Methods High-Pressure Valve Homogenizers Ultrasonic Homogenization Nanoemulsions Microfluidization Colloid Mills Low-Energy-Based Methods Spontaneous Emulsion Phase Inversion Composition Phase Inversion Temperature Plant-Derived Bioactive Compound–Based Nanoemulsions and Their Applications in Food Industries Polyphenolic Compounds Flavonoids Flavonols Flavanones Isoflavonoids Flavones Flavan-3-ol Anthocyanins and Anthocyanidins Phenolic Acids Tannins Lignans Stilbene Essential Oils Conclusion References Essential Oil Nanoemulsions As Natural Antimicrobial Agents Introduction Major Challenges Associated With Food Application of Essential Oil Nanoemulsion Composition and Characteristics of Essential Oils Antimicrobial Efficacy of Essential Oils Preparation of Nanoemulsions Types of Delivery Systems Used for Nanoemulsions Use of Nanoemulsions as Edible Coating on Foods Antimicrobial Potential of Essential Oil Nanoemulsions Mechanism of Action of Antimicrobials Factors Influencing Antimicrobial Efficiency of Nanoemulsions Safety and Regulatory Issues Regarding Nanoemulsions Concluding Remarks References Nanoemulsions Formulated With Cinnamon Oil and Their Antimicrobial Applications Introduction Nanoemulsion Organic Phase Aqueous Phase Instability of Nanoemulsion Role of Surfactants Nanoemulsion Formation High-Energy Emulsification Low-Energy Emulsification Antimicrobial Activity of Nanoemulsions Mechanism of Action Against Antimicrobials Cinnamon Oil Nanoemulsions and Their Antimicrobial Activity Advantages of Plant-Based Antimicrobials Conclusion References Applications, Formulations, Antimicrobial Efficacy, and Regulations of Essential Oils Nanoemulsions in Food Introduction Methods for Formulation and Preparation of Nanoemulsions Properties and Composition of Essential Oils Method of Fabrication of Essential Oil Nanoemulsions Top-Down Fabrication Bottom-Up Fabrication Antimicrobial Efficacy of Essential Oil Nanoemulsions Modes of Actions of Essential Oils Antimicrobial Activity of Nanoemulsions Against Numerous Microbes Bacteria Fungus Application of Oil Nanoemulsions in the Food Industry Regulations Conclusion References Antimicrobial Efficacy of Essential Oil Nanoemulsions Introduction Chemistry of Essential Oils Limitations in the Use of Essential Oils for Biological Activity Encapsulation of Essential Oils by “Nanotechnology” Approach Polymer-Based Delivery of EOs Lipid-Based Delivery of EOs Solid-Lipid Nanoparticles Liposomes Molecular Complex Delivery of EOs Micro- and Nanoemulsion Delivery of EOs Mechanism of Action of Nanoemulsions Encapsulating Essential Oils Antimicrobial Activity of Nanoemulsified Essential Oils Antibacterial Effects of Nanoemulsified Essential Oils Antifungal Effects of Nanoemulsified Essential Oils Antiviral Effects of Nanoemulsified Essential Oils Antiprotozoal Effects of Essential Oils Future Perspectives Conclusion References Nanotechnologies in Food Microbiology Overview, Recent Developments, and Challenges Introduction Nanoencapsulation Technologies Nanoliposomes Nanoemulsions Solid-Lipid Nanoparticles Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Nanocapsules Coacervation Ionic Gelation Spray-Drying Benefits and Applications PerspectiveS and Challenges in Nanotechnology Conclusion References Nanocapsules as Potential Antimicrobial Agents in Food Introduction Fabrication of Nanocapsules Nano-Encapsulation in the Food Industry Food Antimicrobial Nanocapsules Mechanism Advantages Shortcomings Nanocapsules and Foodborne Microorganisms Nanofibers Solid-Lipid Nanoparticles Nanospheres Conclusion and Future Prospects References Nano-Starch Films as Effective Antimicrobial Packaging Material Introduction Biopolymers as Packaging Material Starch as Base for Antimicrobial Packaging Characterization of Starch Nanoparticles Morphological Characteristics Crystallinity Rheological Properties Thermal Transition Properties Properties of Nano-Starch-Based Antimicrobial Biopolymers Mechanical Properties Barrier Properties Optical Properties Antimicrobial Properties Antimicrobial Agents Used in Starch-Based Packaging Material Chemical Agents Essential Oils Plant and Spice Extracts Enzyme Bacteriocins Probiotics Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid Applications of Nano-Starch-Based Antimicrobial Packaging Material Food Industry Fruits and Vegetables Seafood Meat Products Medical Agriculture Conclusion References Starch Bio-Nanocomposite Films as Effective Antimicrobial Packaging Material Introduction Biodegradation Process Bio-Nanocomposite Films Concept Bio-Nanocomposite Materials for Food Packaging Types of Nanofillers Organic Nanofillers Inorganic Nanofillers Techniques Used to Manufacture Nano-Starch Films Effects of Nanomaterials on the Functional Properties of Starch Films Effects of Nanofillers on the Physical Properties Effects of Nanofillers on the Antimicrobial Activity Effects of Nanofillers on the Mechanical Properties Nanoparticle Migration Conclusion References Biogenic Metal Nanoparticles and Their Antimicrobial Properties Introduction Metal Nanoparticles Metallic Nanoparticles Biogenic Metal Nanoparticles Antimicrobial Effects of Biogenic Metal Nanoparticles Copper Nanoparticles Gold Nanoparticles Silver Nanoparticles Zinc Nanoparticles Conclusion References Enhanced Antimicrobial Efficacy of Essential Oils–Based Nanoemulsions Nanoemulsions Development of Nanoemulsions Methods Essential Oils Characterization of Nanoemulsions Application of Nanoemulsions as Antimicrobial Agents Cellular Absorption Mechanisms Several Studies of Nanoemulsions With Different Microorganisms Conclusion References Nano-Starch Films as Effective Antimicrobial Packaging Materials Introduction Synthesis Process of Nano-Starch Characterization of the Nano-Starch Antimicrobial Efficacy of the Nano-Starch-Based Packaging Films Natural Sources Metal Sources Conclusion References

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Nanotechnologies in Food Microbiology Overview, Recent Developments, and Challenges
Foodborne illness is a major issue caused by the pathogens that results in moderate to severe illness and death via bacterial infections and intoxications in contaminated foods (Scallan et al., 2011). Moreover, spoilage microorganisms will bring a negative influence on food quality and shelf...
(Nanotechnological Approaches in Food Microbiology)
A Data-Driven Approach to Food Safety Surveillance and Response
N.P. Greis and M.L. Nogueira University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States Maintaining a safe and secure food supply is critical to the well-being of millions around the world. An increasingly global food chain—in which products are sourced from locales...
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My analysis of the Gadaba’s ideas and ritual practice in relation to food is guided by the theories of Levi-Strauss and Douglas, to the extent that foodstuffs are understood as structured and structure-building carriers of meaning with correlations to the social order and to temporal and spatial patterns,...
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NANOTECHNOLOGY APPROACHES
Nanoparticles Nanotechnology has brought new possibilities in the development of various delivery systems such as systemic CNS delivery. Nanotechnology has been applied in the production ofmaterials, devices, and electronic biosensors with sizes ranging from low to high nanometers. Nanotechnology-based...
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Nanotechnological Approach in Immunotherapy
The therapeutic index is a very important parameter to improve prognosis in diseases and especially cancer patients. The drug doses given in cancer pathophysiology are of great importance when determining the therapeutic effect because a very small percentage acts on leukocytes. With the analysis of...
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Novel Nanotechnology Approaches
Many novel nanotechnology approaches are being investigated to try to improve the targeting of encapsulated anticancer agents to the tumor site. For example, nanoparticles have been designed that release their cargo of active agent in response to either internal (e.g., presence of an enzyme, a...
(Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs)
Nanotechnology Approaches
There is significant ongoing research in both academia and the pharmaceutical industry into developing nanotechnology- based formulations capable of releasing anticancer agents in, or near, a brain tumor. There are three potential advantages of a nanoparticle approach compared with the Gliadel™ wafer...
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Mushroom Extract–Reduced Metal Nanoparticles: An Effective Approach Against Food Pathogenic Bacteria
Nanoparticles (NPs) are ultra-fine particles with distinct chemistry and morphologic dimensions (Chawla et al., 2020). NPs constitute of physiochemical and optoelectronic features, therefore, can keep the electrons within the particles that are smaller than delocalized electrons present in large...
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Encapsulation of Essential Oils by “Nanotechnology” Approach
The encapsulation of bioactive compounds is a viable strategy for modulating drug release, increasing the physical stability of the entrapped active constituents, shielding them from the harsh biological environment, reducing their volatility, increasing their bioactivity, reducing associated toxicity,...
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Application of Omics Approaches in Food Safety
The food supply has been seriously affected by multiple issues where susceptibility of consumers to any form of food alteration happens during procurement or manufacturing level, affecting the quality of food in terms of nutrition and affecting the consumers' health. But nowadays, there are challenges...
(Biotechnological Approaches in Food Adulterants)