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Extreme Waves and Shock-Excited Processes in Structures and Space Objects: Volume II

I. Basic Models, Equations, and Ideas Models of Continuum The System of Equations of Mechanics Continuous Medium State (Constitutive) Equations for Elastic and Elastic–Plastic Bodies The Equations of Motion and the Wide-Range Equations of State of an Inviscid Fluid Simplest Example of Fracture of Media within Rarefaction Zones The State Equation for Bubbly Liquid Fracture (Cold Boiling) of Water During Seaquakes Model of Fracture (Cold Boiling) of Bubbly Liquid Models of Moment and Momentless Shells Shallow Shells and the Kirchhoff–Love Hypotheses The Timoshenko Theory of Thin Shells and Momentless Shells The Dynamic Destruction of Some Materials in Tension Waves Models of Dynamic Failure of Solid Materials Phenomenological Approach Microstructural Approach Models of Interacting Voids (Bubbles, Pores)Pore on Porous Materials Mathematical Model of Materials Containing Pores Models of Dynamic Failure of Weakly Cohesived Media (WCM)Introduction Examples of Gassy Material Properties Behavior of Weakly Cohesive Geomaterials within Extreme Waves Modeling of Gassy Media State Equation for Condensed Matter–Gas Mixture Strongly Nonlinear Model of the State Equation for Gassy Media The Tait-Like Form of the State Equation Wave Equations for Gassy Materials Effects of Bubble Oscillations on the One-Dimensional Governing Equations Differential Form of the State Equation The Strongly Nonlinear Wave Equation for Bubbly Media Linear Acoustics of Bubbly Media Three-Speed Wave Equations Two-Speed Wave Equations One-Speed Wave Equations Influence of Viscous Properties on the Sound Speed of Magma-like Media Examples of Observable Extreme Waves of WCM Mount St Helens Eruption The Volcano Santiaguito Eruptions Nonlinear Acoustic of Bubble Media Low-Frequency Waves: Boussinesq and Long-Wave Equations High-Frequency Waves: Klein–Gordon and Schrödinger Equations Strongly Nonlinear Airy-Type Equations and Remarks to Chapters 1–3 References II. Extreme Waves and Structural Elements Extreme Effects and Waves in Impact-Loaded Hydrodeformable Systems Introduction Underwater Explosions and Extreme Waves of the Cavitation: Experiments Experimental Studies of Formation and Propagation of the Cavitation Waves Elastic Plate–Underwater Wave Interaction Elastoplastic Plate–Underwater Wave Interaction Extreme Underwater Wave and Plate Interaction Effects of Deformability Effects of Cavitation on the Plate Surface Effects of Cavitation in the Liquid Volume on the Plate–Liquid Interaction Effects of Plasticity Modeling of Extreme Wave Cavitation and Cool Boiling in Tanks Impact Loading of a Tank Impact Loading of Liquid in a Tank Shells and Cavitation (Cool Boiling) Waves Interaction of a Cylindrical Shell with Underwater Shock Wave in Liquid Extreme Waves in Cylindrical Elastic Container Effects of Cavitation and Cool Boiling on the Interaction of Shells Features of Bubble Dynamics and Their Effect on Shells Extreme Wave Phenomena in the Hydro-Gas-Elastic System Effects of Boiling of Liquids Within Rarefaction Waves on the Transient Deformation of Hydroelastic Systems A Method of Solving Transient Three-Dimensional Problems of Hydroelasticity for Cavitating and Boiling Liquids Governing Equations Numerical Method Results and Discussion Interaction of Extreme Underwater Waves with Structures Fracture and Cavitation Waves in Thin-Plate/Underwater Explosion System Fracture and Cavitation Waves in Plate/Underwater Explosion System Generation of Cavitation Waves after Tank Bottom Buckling Transient Interaction of a Stiffened Spherical Dome with Underwater Shock Waves The Problem and Method of Solution Numeric Method of Problem Solution Results of Calculations Extreme Amplicafition of Waves at Vicinity of the Stiffening Rib References III. Counterintuitive Behavior of Structural Elements after Impact Loads Experimental Data Introduction and Method of Impact Loading CIB of Circular Plates: Results and Discussion CIB of Rectangular Plates and Shallow Caps Discussion of CIB of Shallow Caps Cap/Permeable Membrane System CIB of Panels CIB of Plates and Shallow Shells: Theory and Calculations Distinctive Features of CIB of Plates and Shallow Shells Investigation Techniques Results and Discussion: Plates, Spherical Caps, and Cylindrical Panels Influences of Atmosphere and Cavitation on CIB Theoretical Models Calculation Details Results and Discussion References IV. Extreme Waves Excited by Impact of Heat, radiation, or Mass Forming and Amplifying of Heat Waves Linear Analysis – Influence of Hyperbolicity Forming and Amplifying Nonlinear Heat Waves Strong Nonlinearity of Thermodynamic Function as a Cause of Formation of Cooling Shock Wave Conclusions Extreme Waves Excited by Radiation Impact Impulsive Deformation and Destruction of Bodies at Temperatures below the Melting Point Thermoelastic Waves Excited by Long-Wave Radiation Thermoelastic Waves Excited by Short-Wave Radiation Stress and Fracture Waves in Metals During Rapid Bulk Heating Optimization of the Outer Laser-Induced Spalling Effects of Melting of Material under Impulse Loading Mathematical Model of Fracture under Thermal Force Loading Algorithm and Results Modeling of Fracture, Melting, Vaporization, and Phase Transition Calculations: Effects of Temperature Calculations: Effects of Vaporization Calculations: Effect of Vaporization on Spalling Two-Dimensional Fracture and Evaporation Fracture of Solid by Radiation Pulses as a Method of Ensuring Safety in Space Introduction Mathematical Formulation of the Problem Calculation Results and Comparison with Experiments Special Features of Fracture by Spalling Efficiency of Laser Fracture Discussion and Conclusion Conclusion Reference Melting Waves in Front of a Massive Perforator Experimental Investigation Numerical Modeling Results of the Calculation and Discussion References

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Extreme Waves and Structural Elements
Science is built up with facts, as a house is with stones. But a collection of facts is no more a science than a heap of stone is a house. Henri Poincare We discussed in Part I the issues related to the destruction of solid and liquid media. Typically, this destruction is associated with the occurrence...
(Extreme Waves and Shock-Excited Processes in Structures and Space Objects: Volume II)
Knowledge of Buying Processes and Structures is Vital to Win New Business
Buyers has shown that as Clients become more demanding it is vital that the firm understands more than just the Client's requirements - they need to know how the Client selects suppliers, how they choose between them, what motivates them and who has power and influence over the buying decision....
(Effective Client Management in Professional Services)
General Framework for Processing Graph Structured Data
In this section, we will provide a general framework for modelling graphs [3]. Consider a node n in the graph. This node will be linked to other nodes through links. Assume for simplicity sake that the graph contains only un-directed links It will be slightly more complex in terms of...
(Handbook on Neural Information Processing)
Reversible technological development and irreversible environmental change: decision-making process exhibiting structural disaster
To consider the social process that enabled the OTEC development project to run continuously without recourse for feedback-for-learning, there are two major social contexts associated with the time period in which the Sunshine project, and particularly OTEC development, took place. One is relevant to...
(The Sociology of “Structural Disaster”: Beyond Fukushima)
Process versus structure
As already noted, interactionism emphasises process — what might be called the contingency of social interaction. However, the term ‘contingency’ is ambiguous. One sense implies the unpredictable, arbitrary, or even random character of what happens. The other refers to the fact that events are...
(The Routledge International Handbook of Interactionism)
Quenching and Self Tempering (QST) Process for Structural Steel
The QST process has been jointly developed by Arbed, Luxembourg, CRM, Belgium, and British Steel for producing superior quality beams. This technology seeks to address the following limitations of the conventional thermo-mechanical (TM) rolling of beams: • In the conventional rolling of beams, high...
(Steel Rolling: Principle, Process & Application)
Model application to the evolution of extreme wave groups
After validation of the model in the previous section, this section considers the performance of the model on the simulation of extreme wave groups with a focus on modelling the wave breaking process. All results presented in this section are calculated using a 401 x 16 mesh and the time step St =...
(Advanced Numerical Modelling of Wave Structure Interactions)
Behavior of Weakly Cohesive Geomaterials within Extreme Waves
Our interest is behavior of geomaterials in case of the extreme waves, in particular, arising at earthquakes. The behaviors draw the general attention, and at the same time, it was quite poorly studied. It is connected with difficulty in their theoretical and experimental modeling. As we already emphasized,...
(Extreme Waves and Shock-Excited Processes in Structures and Space Objects: Volume II)
Examples of Observable Extreme Waves of WCM
Let us consider some nonlinear waves observed in Nature. We remind that WCM are considered [97,98]. If you shake the media vigorously, the properties of them change from “solid” to “gassy material” states. Mount St Helens Eruption It is possible to talk about “melting” of WCM during...
(Extreme Waves and Shock-Excited Processes in Structures and Space Objects: Volume II)
Underwater Explosions and Extreme Waves of the Cavitation: Experiments
Now we consider the influence of deformability of the water surface on the explosion pressure [19,20,23]. First, as a limiting case, we consider the free water surface. The photographs presented in Figure 4.4 illustrate three instants following an underwater explosion near the water surface. The explosion...
(Extreme Waves and Shock-Excited Processes in Structures and Space Objects: Volume II)