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Nanoparticles for Brain Drug Delivery

I: Fundamentals Recent Trends in Nanotechnology for Brain Delivery: A Brief Outlook Understanding Brain Delivery The Central Nervous System in Drug Discovery and Development CNS Barriers and Fluids Efflux Transporters at the BBB BBB Evolution in Physiological and Pathological States Conclusions Novel Routes to Accessing the Brain: Intranasal Administration Introduction Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery Pathways and Mechanisms of Nose-to-Brain Transport Nose-to-Brain Delivery Assessment: Experimental Issues Experimental Models Study Design Assessment Parameters Nose-to-Brain Delivery of Central Drugs Conclusions II: Nanomedicines Organic Nanocarriers for Brain Drug Delivery Introduction Pathways for Nanocarrier Administration to the Brain Administration Routes Transport Routes across the BBB Self-Assembly Organic Nanocarriers for Brain Drug Delivery Vesicles: Liposomes, Ethosomes and Polymersomes Liposomes Liposomes in Alzheimer's disease Liposomes in Parkinson's disease Liposomes in cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion Liposomes in brain tumours Ethosomes Polymersomes Micelles: Polymeric and Lipidic Nanoparticles: Lipid Nanoparticles and Polymeric Nanoparticles Lipid Nanoparticles Solid lipid nanoparticles Nanostructured lipid carriers Polymeric Nanoparticles Micro- and Nanoemulsions Synthetic Organic Nanocarriers for Brain Drug Delivery Dendrimers Biodegradation/Bioelimination of Organic Nanocarriers from the Brain Conclusions and Future Perspectives Magnetic and Plasmonic Nanoparticles for Brain Drug Delivery Introduction Relevant Properties of Inorganic Nanoparticles for Brain Drug Delivery Gold Nanoparticles Magnetic Nanoparticles Synthesis Procedures Gold Nanoparticles Magnetic Nanoparticles Surface Modification Strategies towards Brain Delivery Nanoparticles for Brain Delivery Gold Nanoparticles Magnetic Nanoparticles Concluding Remarks Hybrid Nanosystems Introduction Hybrid Nanosystems for Brain Cancer Hybrid Nanosystems for Neurodegenerative Disorders Hybrid Nanosystems for Alzheimer's Disease Hybrid Nanosystems for Parkinson's Disease Hybrid Nanosystems for Cerebral Ischaemia Conclusions Drug Nanocrystals Introduction Relevant Nanocrystal Physicochemical Properties Preparation of Nanocrystals Top-Down Techniques Wet media milling High-pressure homogenisation Bottom-Up Techniques Bottom-up: evaporation methods Bottom-up: precipitation methods Combination of Top-Down and Bottom-Up Techniques Stability of Nanocrystals Aggregation and Ostwald Ripening Solid Forms: Polymorphs, Amorphous Phases and Solvates Nanocrystals for Brain Drug Delivery Oral Administration Parenteral Administration Nasal Administration Concluding Remarks Lipid Nanocarriers for Oligonucleotide Delivery to the Brain Introduction Oligonucleotide-Based Therapeutics Antisense Oligonucleotides RNA Interference Anti-miRNA oligonucleotides Aptamers Antiproliferative Oligonucleotides Lipid-Based Nanocarriers for Brain Delivery Oligonucleotide-Lipid Conjugates Vesicular Systems: Liposomes and Niosomes Natural Vesicular Systems: Exosomes Solid Lipid-Based Nanocarriers Conclusions Carriers for Nucleic Acid Delivery to the Brain Introduction Nonviral Nucleic Acid Carriers Brain-Targeted Nucleic Acid Delivery Transport across the Blood-Brain Barrier Protein ligands Peptide ligands Carrier-mediated transport Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption Intracranial Delivery Glioma-Targeted Nucleic Acid Delivery Conclusions Advances in Nanotheranostics with Plasmonic and Magnetic Nanoparticles Nanomedicine in Brain Therapy Nanotheranostics: Concepts and Strategies Plasmonic Nanoparticles Brain Theranostics with Plasmonic Nanoparticles Magnetic Nanoparticles Brain Theranostics with Magnetic Nanoparticles Advances in Brain Theranostics Using Magnetoliposomes Conclusion and Future Perspectives III: Development and Translation Quality by Design for Nanocarriers Introduction The QbD Approach QTPP CQAs Risk Assessment Design of Experiments, Design Space and Control Strategy Continuous Monitoring and Improvement Conclusion Recent in vitro Models for the Blood-Brain Barrier Introduction to Blood-Brain Barrier Models Microfluidic BBB Models Cell Cultures Model Assessment Shear Stress Barrier Permeability Transepithelial Electrical Resistance Concluding Remarks Current in vivo Models for Brain Disorders Introduction to Animal Models Neurological Disease Animal Models Neurodegenerative Diseases Brain Tumours Ischaemic Stroke Animal Trials in the Development of Nanoparticles for CNS Disorders Imaging Techniques for Nanoparticles: Diagnosis and Treatment Modelling and Simulation of Nanosystems for Delivering Drugs to the Brain Impact of Computational Approaches in the Design and Optimisation of Nanocarriers Understanding BBB Permeability Predicting Treatment Efficacy Optimising Drug Delivery to the Brain Concluding Remarks Translational Challenges Introduction Translational Medicine Nanoparticles as Carriers of Drugs Nanotechnology: From the Diagnosis to the Treatment of Neurological Disorders Clinical Applications of Nanoparticles in the Management of Brain Tumours Challenges of Clinical Applications of Nanoparticles The Importance of the Regulatory Pathway

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