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Membrane Desalination: From Nanoscale to Real World Applications

DESALINATION NECESSITY DESALINATION PROCESSES Thermal Desalination Processes Distillation Multistage Flash (MSF)Multieffect Distillation (MED)Vapor Compression (VC)Membrane Desalination Reverse Osmosis (RO)Forward Osmosis (FO)Electrodialysis (ED)Membrane Distillation (MD)MEMBRANE PREPARATION TECHNIQUES Thin Film Composite (TFC)DESALINATION MEMBRANE SHAPES AND MODULES Tubular Modules Spiral-Wound Modules Hollow-Fiber Modules Pretreatment REFERENCES Membrane Materials Design Trends: Nanoadditives INTRODUCTION Hydrophilicity Fouling Porosity Permeability Rejection Roughness Mechanical Properties GRAPHENE OXIDE NANOADDITIVES Preparation Effect on Morphology Effect on Performance Effect on Mechanical Properties CARBON NANOTUBE (CNTS) ADDITIVES Preparation Effect on Morphology Effect on Performance Effect on Mechanical Properties Mechanism of Action ZEOLITE NANOADDITIVES Zeolite Preparation Effect on Water Permeability and Hydrophilicity Fouling Effect on Morphology Effect on Mechanical Properties SILICA NANOPARTICLES Preparation of Functionalized Silica Effect on Mechanical Properties Effect on Morphology Effect on Performance Mechanism of Action METAL OXIDES NANOPARTICLES Preparation Coprecipitation Method Sol-Gel Method Thermal Decomposition Microemulsion Process Effect on Mechanicaf Properties Effect on Performance and Hydrophilicity Effect on Morphology METAL SALT NPS Silver NPs Preparation Effect of Silver NPs on Membrane Characteristics and Performance Copper (Cu) NPs NANOCELLULOSE ADDITIVE Preparation Effect on Mechanicaf Properties Effect on Morphology Effect on Performance OTHER NPS Preparation of Polyaniline (PANI)Chemical Synthesis (Oxidative Polymerization)Electrochemical Synthesis Effect on Morphology Characteristics and Performance ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Functionalization of Carbon-Based Additives INTRODUCTION GRAPHENE-BASED ADDITIVES CARBON NANOTUBE - BASED ADDITIVES REFERENCES Nanohybrid Graphene-Based Materials for Advanced Wastewater Treatment: Adsorption and Membrane Technology INTRODUCTION SYNTHESIS PROCEDURES Synthesis of GO Nanohybrid GO Preparation of GO and Reduced GO (rGO) Mixture Synthesis of Fe3О4/rG0 Preparation of GO with One-step Ultrasonication Synthesis of Magnetic Chitosan Functionalized with GO CHARACTERIZATIONS PREPARATION METHODS OF GO MEMBRANES Filtration-Assisted Method Casting/Coating-Assisted Method Layer-by-Layer Assembly Method Other Methods ADSORPTION APPLICATION OF NANOHYBRID GO Adsorption Isotherms Examples Applications of Nanohybrid GO Membranes CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES State of the Art and Perspectives in Membranes for Membrane Distillation/Membrane Crystallization INTRODUCTION TO MEMBRANE DISTILLATION (MD) AND MEMBRANE CRYSTALLIZATION (MCr) TECHNOLOGIES PRINCIPLES OF MD TECHNOLOGY Transport Mechanisms in MD Heat Transfer in MD Mass Transfer in MD PRINCIPLES OF MCr TECHNOLOGY FROM LABORATORY STUDIES TO LARGE-SCALE APPLICATIONS ADVANTAGES AND STILL EXISTING LIMITATIONS Membranes for MD and MCr Membranes Materials: Traditional and Emerging Membrane Configurations and Membrane Modules Membrane Fabrication Techniques Advances in Membrane Fabrication and Modification Environmental Issues in Membrane Fabrication An Overview of Commercially Available Membranes Used in MD Conclusions and Perspectives ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Artificial Water Channels: Toward Next-Generation Reverse Osmosis Membranes INTRODUCTION NATURAL WATER CHANNELS -THE AQUAPORINS BIOASSISTED AQP-EMBEDDED MEMBRANES WHY ARE ARTIFICIAL WATER CHANNELS IMPORTANT?WHERE ARE WE NOW? WHERE ARE WE GOING IN THIS NEWBORN FIELD?Single Molecular Channels Self-assembled Supramolecular Channels Nanochannels OUTLINE BEYOND STATE OF ART CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES Desalination Membranes: Characterization Techniques INTRODUCTION MEMBRANE CHARACTERIZATION Surface Morphology and Physical Characteristics Porous Structure Characterization Electron Microscopy SEM Transmission Electron Microscopy (ТЕМ)Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) Microscopy Surface Chemical Characteristics Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX)X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)Attenuated Total Reflectance - Fourier-Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR)X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD)Water Contact Angle Zeta Potential Measurement Surface Charge Thermal and Mechanical Properties Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)Tensile Strength Test MEMBRANE PERFORMANCE Permeation Flux Membrane Liquid Entry Pressure of Water (LEPw)Salt Reiection Rate CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES Carbon Molecular Models for Desalination INTRODUCTION EXISTING MODELS Graphene and Graphene Oxide (GO)Carbon Nanotube (CNT)Biomimetic CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES Virtual Material Design: A Powerful Tool for the Development of High-Efficiency Porous Media CHARACTERIZATION OF MEMBRANE STRUCTURE COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS IN POROUS MEDIA VIRTUAL MATERIAL DESIGN (VMD)SYNTHETIC MEMBRANE STRUCTURES VMD AND CFD SIMULATIONS CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES Estimation of Process Parameters in Industrial Membrane Manufacture Using Computational Fluid Dynamics INTRODUCTION INVESTIGATION OF LIQUID - LIQUID DEMIXING IN POLYMER SOLUTIONS AND MICROSTRUCTURE EVOLUTION NUMERICAL PREDICTION OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CASTING MACHINES MODELING OF PHASE SEPARATION CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES Towards Energy-Efficient Reverse Osmosis INTRODUCTION ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF RO PLANTS Energy Breakdown Intake Systems Pretreatment Product Water Delivery Other Processes and Services RO System RO MEMBRANES AND PLANT ENERGY CONSUMPTION Thin-Film Composite Membranes Nanocomposite Membranes Emerging Membrane Types Membrane Fouling CONFIGURATIONS OF RO SYSTEM TO MINIMIZE SEC Multistage RO Systems Multipass RO Systems Split-Partial Two-Pass Systems Hybrid Membrane Configuration Time-Varying Pressure Systems - Batch RO Systems PUMPS High Flow Capacity Centrifugal Pumps Positive Displacement Pumps ENERGY RECOVERY DEVICES SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES Membrane Fouling and Scaling in Reverse Osmosis INTRODUCTION EFFECT OF FOULING AND SCALING Increasing Differential Pressure in Cross - Wound Fibers, or of Spacer Spiral Wound Elements Increase Hydraulic Resistance of the Membrane Decrease in Rejection Owing to Concentration Polarization in the Foul Layer FOULING TYPES Particulate Fouling Silt Density Index (SDI)Modified Fouling Index (MFI0.45)Modified Fouling Index (MFI - UF)MFI-UF at Constant Flux Transparent Exopolymer Particles (TEPs)Biological Fouling Monitoring the Biofilm Development Monitoring Biofouling Potential Assimilable Organic Carbon (AOC)Biodegradable Dissolved Organic Carbon (BDOC)Bacterial Growth Potential (BGP)Performance Restoration Organic fouling Scaling in Reverse Osmosis Systems Scaling Compounds on the RO Membranes Calcium Carbonate Scaling Calcium Sulphate Scaling Barium Sulphate Scaling Calcium Phosphate Scaling Mechanism of Scaling in Reverse Osmosis Prediction of Scaling Scaling Indices Scaling Prediction with Computer Software Techniques to Control Scaling Addition of Scale Inhibitors Operate at Low Recovery Acid addition REFERENCES Sustainable Development and Future Trends in Desalination Technology INTRODUCTION FLEXIBLE INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT OF HYPERSALINE BRINE SOLUTIONS THROUGH USE OF LOW GRADE HEAT AND SOLVENT EXTRACTION EFFECTS OF BRINE DISCHARGE AND METERING TRENDS ON DESALINATION PLANT CONSTRUCTION ENERGY EFFICIENCY, COST ANALYSIS, AND ROAD MAP TO SUSTAINABLE DESALINATION COMPARISON OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN DESALINATION BY CAPACITIVE DEIONIZATION AND REVERSE OSMOSIS LATEST DEVELOPMENTS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN MEMBRANE DESALINATION APPLICATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY FOR WATER DESALINATION CHALLENGES SURROUNDING THE USE OF NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY AS AN ENERGY SOURCE CONCLUDING REMARKS REFERENCES Terminology

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