Level of industrial greenhouse gas emissions

Based on the 2008 National Economic Census Data Bulletin, this chapter selects the average data of several major developed provinces in China, including Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Guangdong and the whole country, and compares them with relevant indicators in Zhejiang Province (see Table 7.4, Table 7.5, and Table 7.6 for relevant data).

Comparison of total industrial greenhouse gas emissions

In 2008, the GHG emissions of industrial enterprises above a designated size were 10.054 billion tons of CO, equivalent. Among them, the GHG emissions of industrial enterprises above a designated size in Beijing, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Guangdong provinces, ranked from high to low, were: Jiangsu (657 million tons), Guangdong (469 million tons), Zhejiang (356 million tons), Shanghai (249 million tons), and Beijing (115 million tons). The above five provinces and municipalities accounted for 18.36% of the total industrial emissions above a designated size.

From the perspective of relative scale (Figure 7.2), the carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel combustion in industrial sectors above a designated size account for about 3.54% of the national total, although this proportion is higher than Beijing (1.14%) and Shanghai (2.48%). However, it is lower than Guangdong (4.66%) and Jiangsu (6.54%).

Comparison of industry distribution of industrial GHG

Figure 7.3 shows the industry distribution of industrial GHG emissions above a designated size in 2008 in five provinces and cities. It can be seen that due to the differences in industrial structure in various regions, the relative contributions of various sectors to regional industrial GHG emissions are also different. For example, the petroleum processing industry is the sector with the largest contribution to industrial GHG emissions in Beijing and Shanghai, accounting for 45.4% and 35.9%, respectively. For Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Guangdong provinces, the power industry accounts for industrial GHG emissions. The highest proportions were 46.2%, 36% and 40%, respectively.

Although the contribution of different departments is different, in general, the GHG emissions of the five sectors of electricity, petroleum processing, metal products, chemicals, and non-metal products account for a large proportion. For example, the five sectors of Beijing accounted for 95.5% of industrial GHG emissions, 95.8% in Shanghai, 89.9% in Zhejiang, 89% in Jiangsu, and 87.3% in Guangdong. The share of other sectors is relatively small.

Table 7.3 GHG emissions, energy consumption and industrial output value of industrial enterprises above a designated size in Zhejiang Province in 2008

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Table 7.4 GHG emissions of industrial sectors above a designated size in five provinces and cities in 2008 (10,000 tons of CO, equivalent)

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Table 7.5 Energy consumption of industrial sectors above a designated size in five provinces and municipalities in 2008 (10,000 tons of standard coal)

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Table 7.6 Gross industrial output value of industrial enterprises above a designated size in five provinces and municipalities in 2008 (100 million yuan)

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Table 7.6 (Cont.)

Figure 7.2 Comparison of industrial greenhouse gas emissions scale of major cities and municipalities above scale (2008)

Figure 7.3 Comparison of industrial greenhouse gas industry distribution in major provinces and cities (2008)

Comparison of per-capita industrial GHG emissions

Per-capita CO₂ is an important indicator to measure the level of CO₂ emissions in a country or region. Due to the lack of energy consumption and carbon sink data from other sectors, the comparison here is the industrial GHG emissions above the per-capita size, rather than the total per-capita GHG emissions in the region.

Figure 7.4 Comparison of per-capita industrial greenhouse gas emissions in major provinces and cities (2008)

Figure 7.4 reflects the per-capita industrial GHG emissions of the country and major provinces and cities in 2008. Among them, the per-capita industrial GHG emission level of the country is 7.57 ton of CO, equivalent/person; Shanghai and Jiangsu are higher than the national average, respectively, 13.20 and 8.56 (ton of CO, equivalent/person); Beijing, Zhejiang and Guangdong are below the national average at 6.79, 6.95 and 4.91 (ton of CO, equivalent/ person). Among them, Zhejiang’s per-capita industrial GHG emissions are 91.8% of the national average.

Industrial carbon dioxide emission intensity comparison

Carbon dioxide emission intensity is an indicator used to measure the relationship between the economy and carbon emissions, and represents the carbon dioxide emissions per unit of output. The Twelfth Five-Year Plan has clearly defined carbon dioxide intensity as a constraint indicator. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the carbon dioxide emission intensity level and trend of various industrial sectors for future carbon dioxide intensity target decomposition.

Overall, in 2008, the industrial output value of industrial enterprises a above designated size produced an average of 20,100 tons of CO₂. The industrial carbon dioxide intensity of Beijing, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Guangdong was generally lower than the national average: the lowest in Guangdong was 0.729 (10,000 tons CO, equivalent/100 million yuan), the highest is Beijing 1.115 (10,000 tons CO, equivalent/100 million yuan), Zhejiang is relatively low compared to several other provinces and cities at 0.867 (10,000 tons CO, equivalent/100 million yuan), the equivalent of national average is 43.1%.

Figure 7.5 Comparison of CO₂ emission intensity of key industrial sectors in major provinces and cities (2008)

Previously, it has been pointed out in the analysis of Figure 7.3 that the five industries of electricity, petroleum processing, metal products, chemicals, and non-metal products have a great impact on industrial GHG emissions. Therefore, Figure 7.5 focuses on industrial carbon dioxide emissions for these five major industries.

It can be seen that the carbon dioxide emission intensity of the power industry and the petroleum processing industry is significantly higher than that of other sectors. For the power industry, the national average carbon dioxide emission intensity is 8.45 (10,000 tons CO₂ equivalent/100 million yuan), except for Jiangsu Province, which is higher than the national average; the other four provinces and cities are generally lower than the national average, of which the carbon dioxide intensity of Beijing is significantly lower than that of other provinces and cities at only 2.5 (10,000 tons of CO, equivalent/100 million yuan). The carbon dioxide emission intensity of the power industry in Zhejiang Province is 6.412 (10,000 tons of CO, equiva-lent/100 million yuan), which is 2.56 of the carbon dioxide emission intensity of the Beijing power industry, indicating that there is still a lot of room for decline. In the petroleum processing industry, the national average carbon dioxide emission intensity is 9.2 (10,000 tons CO, equivalent/100 million yuan). The difference in carbon dioxide emission intensity between the five provinces and cities is not large: the highest is Shanghai, the lowest is Guangdong, and the carbon dioxide emission intensity of the Zhejiang oil processing industry is 7.192 (10,000 tons CO, equivalent/100 million yuan). In addition, Figure 7.5 also reveals that in the metal products industry and chemical industry, Zhejiang’s carbon dioxide emission intensity is lower than the national average, and lowest in the five provinces and cities, indicating that its carbon dioxide production efficiency is higher. In the non-metallic products industry, Shanghai’s carbon dioxide emission intensity is much lower than other provinces and cities, and Zhejiang’s carbon emission intensity is close to the national average.

In general, Zhejiang’s industrial carbon dioxide emission intensity is lower than the national average, especially in the metal products industry and chemical industry has certain efficiency advantages, but there is still a certain gap between the power industry and non-metal products industry and other provinces and cities.

Comparison of energy product emissions structure

The energy emission structure is used to measure the amount of carbon dioxide emissions from the burning of fossil fuels. This indicator can be used to measure the energy consumption structure of a region or industry. According to the CO, emission coefficient of different fossil energy products, the energy products are divided into three groups: high carbon energy (emission coefficient greater than 3), medium carbon energy (emission coefficient greater than 2 but less than 3) and low carbon energy (emission coefficient less than 2). If the energy product emission structure index becomes larger, it means that the energy consumption structure of the industry or region increases the proportion of high-carbon energy use, and vice versa, the proportion of low-carbon energy use increases.

Generally speaking, in 2008, the industrial sector above a designated size will need to emit 24.15 million tons of CO, per 10,000 tons of standard coal. In the five provinces and cities in comparison, the highest carbon dioxide emissions of fossil energy combustion in Jiangsu’s industrial units above a designated size is 2.27 ton of CO, equivalent/ton of standard coal, while Zhejiang is the lowest at 2.148 ton of CO, equivalent/ton of standard coal, which indicates that low-carbon energy accounts for the energy structure consumed by industrial enterprises above a designated size in Zhejiang Province. The ratio is higher than other provinces and cities.

Figure 7.6 compares the energy emissions structure of five key industries. In the power industry, Zhejiang’s energy emission structure is “highly carbonized,” and its unit energy consumption emits the highest amount of carbon dioxide, which is 2.601 (tons of CO, equivalent/ton of standard coal), but still lower than the national average. In the petroleum processing industry, Zhejiang Province is only lower than Jiangsu Province. In the metal products industry, Zhejiang Province is significantly lower than the national and other three provinces and cities, only slightly higher than Guangdong; the chemical industry is the lowest in Zhejiang, indicating that in the metal products industry and chemical industry, Zhejiang’s energy structure is the same as

Figure 7.6 Comparison of energy emission structures of key industrial sectors in major provinces and cities (2008)

other provinces. Compared with the city, it is more “low carbonized”; in addition, in the non-metal products industry, Zhejiang's energy structure is close to the national average, but significantly higher than Shanghai.

In general, Zhejiang’s industrial energy structure has a certain “low carbonization” characteristics, especially in the metal products industry and chemical industry, the unit energy GHG emission level is low, but there is still a certain gap between the non-metal products industry and other provinces and cities.

Trend of industrial greenhouse gas emissions

Based on the first economic census data of Zhejiang Province in 2004 and the second economic census data of Zhejiang Province in 2008, the key points are to compare the total GHG emissions, industry distribution, carbon dioxide emission intensity, energy emission structure and other indicators of industrial enterprises above a designated size. To understand its dynamic trend, the main data of Zhejiang’s above-scale industries in 2004 are shown in Table 7.7.

Trends in total emissions and industry distribution

In 2004, GHG emissions from industrial enterprises above a designated size in Zhejiang Province were 244 million tons; in 2008, GHG emissions from industrial enterprises above a designated size in Zhejiang Province were 356 million tons. It increased by 45.6% on the basis of 2004.

Table 7.7 GHG emissions, energy consumption and industrial output value of industrial enterprises above a designated size in Zhejiang Province in 2004

Figure 7.7 Comparison of greenhouse gas emissions from industrial enterprises above a designated size in Zhejiang Province (2004,2008)

Judging from the trend of GHG emissions in the sector (see Figure 7.7), in addition to the reduction of GHG emissions in the non-metal products industry and other industries, GHG emissions in other industries have increased to varying degrees. According to the absolute amount of changes in GHGH emissions, the top five are: power industry (65.65 million tons), metal products industry (20.37 million tons), petroleum processing industry (133.33 million tons), chemical industry (8.88 million tons), and equipment machinery and instrument industry (10.7 million tons). In terms of relative changes, the metal products industry saw the largest increase in GHG, increasing by 202% from 2004 to 2008, followed by mining (+162%), chemical industry (+75%), and power (+67%); the smallest increase is in the textile and leather products industry. Compared with 2004, the GHG increased by 5.1% in 2008, while the non-metal products industry and other industries decreased by 1.6% and 8.8%, respectively, on the basis of 2004.

Trends in carbon dioxide emission intensity

In 2004, the carbon dioxide emission intensity of industrial enterprises above a designated size in Zhejiang Province was 1.103 (ton of CO₂/100 million yuan), and in 2008 it was decreased to 0.867 (ton of CO₂/100 million yuan), a decrease of 21.4%.

Figure 7.8 Comparison of CO₂ emission intensity of industrial enterprises above a designated size in Zhejiang Province (2004, 2008)

Figure 7.8 compares the carbon dioxide emission intensity of industrial enterprises above a designated size in Zhejiang Province in 2004 and 2008. From an absolute level, the petroleum processing industry has the highest carbon dioxide emission intensity, which was 11.89 (10,000 tons CO₂/ 100 million yuan) in 2004 and 7.19 tons (ton CO₂/100 million yuan) in 2008; followed by the power industry (2004) 10,000 tons of CO₂/100 million yuan, 61,000 tons of CO₂/billion yuan in 2008), non-metallic products industry (38,600 tons of CO₂/100 million yuan in 2004, and 22,100 tons of CO₂/ 100 million yuan in 2008).

In addition, as can be seen from Figure 7.8, the carbon dioxide emission intensity of most industries has decreased compared to 2004. From the perspective of relative change, the carbon dioxide emission intensity of other industries declined the most, down by 95% from 2004, followed by the wood furniture paper industry (-46.8%) and the non-metal products industry (-42.8%). There are also some industries that have rebounded in carbon dioxide emission intensity, with the mining industry having the largest growth rate and its carbon dioxide emission intensity increasing by 280%, followed by the metal products industry (+49.5%) and the power industry (+17.4%).

Trends in energy emissions structure

In 2004, the carbon dioxide emissions per unit of fossil energy combustion in industrial enterprises above designated size in Zhejiang Province was 2.167 million tons (C0₂/10,000 tons of standard coal). In 2008, this index fell

Figure 7.9 Comparison of energy emission structures in industrial enterprises above a designated size in Zhejiang Province (2004,2008)

to 2.148 (10,000 tons C0,/10,000 tons of standard coal), with a decrease of 0.88% indicates that the energy structure of the industrial sector is optimized and improved.

Figure 7.9 compares the energy product emissions structure of industrial enterprises above a designated size in Zhejiang Province in 2004 and 2008. It can be seen that the energy emission structure of most industries has shown a downward trend, indicating that its energy input structure is gradually showing “low carbonization.” From the perspective of decline, other industries produced 15,400 tons of standard coal per ton in 2004. CO, decreased to 0.36 million tons of CO, in 2008, a drop of 76.4%. Others were wood furniture papermaking (-28.9%) and textile leather products (-26.9%). In addition, some industries’ energy emission structure show a trend of “high carbonization.” For example, the metal products industry has increased from 1.91 (ton of CO,/ton of standard coal) in 2004 to 2.43 (ton of CO,/ton of standard coal) in 2008, an increase of 27%. This is followed by mining (+26.5%) and petroleum processing (+5.2%).