Radiation Monitoring and Dose Estimation of the Fukushima Nuclear Accident

Introduction Exposure Pathways Environmental Monitoring Conclusion References Outline of the Radiation Dose Estimation of Residents After the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident Introduction External Dose Estimation Internal Dose Estimation Conclusion References II Overview Accident of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant: Sequences, Fission Products Released, Lessons Learned Introduction Basic Information Accident Sequences Before the Tsunami Attack After the Tsunami Attack Accident Sequence of Unit 1 Accident Sequence of Unit 2 Accident Sequence of Unit 3 Spent Fuel Pools Release of Fission Products Lessons Learned Summary References Some Comments on Dose Assessment for Members of the Public After the Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident Introduction Implication of Dose Assessment Radiological Impact of the Fukushima Daiichi Accident Environmental Monitoring Dose Assessment Examples of Dose Assessments in Fukushima Prefecture Some Points Found in the Dose Assessments Effects of Radiation Exposure of Children Radiation Dose of Children Radiosensitivity of Children Effective Dose Adjusted by Age Weighting Factor for Radiation Protection Discussion References III Radiation Survey of the Environment Environmental Radiation Status In and Around Tokyo Immediately After the TEPCO Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant Disaster Introduction Monitoring Activity and Data of Local Governments External Exposure Internal Exposure Monitoring Activity and Data of the University of Tokyo Targets and Methods Data and Information Conclusion References Radiation Survey Along Two Trails in Mt. Fuji to Investigate the Radioactive Contamination Caused by TEPCO's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Plant Accident Introduction Measurements Results and Discussions Conclusion References Development of a Carborne Survey System, KURAMA Introduction KURAMA KURAMA-II Current Status and Future Prospects References Radiation Measurement in East Japan in 2011 After the Fukushima Nuclear Accident Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Calibration Air Dose Rate Surface Contamination Radiation Exposure Conclusion References IV Environmental Radioactivity Distribution of Plutonium Isotopes in Marine Sediments off Japan Before and After the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident: A Review Introduction Distribution of Pu Isotopes in the Marine Sediments off Japan Before the Accident Distribution of Pu Isotopes in the Marine Sediments off Japan After the Accident Distribution of Pu Activities and Pu Inventories Pu Atom Ratios Sources of Pu Isotopes in Marine Sediments in the Western North Pacific off Japan Influence of the FDNPP Accident on Pu Distribution Resolving Global Fallout and PPG Close-In Fallout Pu Perspectives for Future Study References Time Trend Change of Air Dose Rate on Paved Areas in Fukushima City After the Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident Introduction Methods Measurement of the Radioactivity in Surface Soils Dose Rate Distribution Survey Results Measurement of the Radioactivity in Surface Soils Dose Rate Distribution Survey Conclusion References Observation of Radionuclides in Marine Biota off the Coast of Fukushima Prefecture After TEPCO's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Accident Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Conclusion References V Transfer Models and/or Parameters Evaluating Removal of Radionuclides from Landfill Leachate Using Generally Practiced Wastewater Treatment Processes Introduction Materials and Methods Sample Collection Determination of Characteristics of Samples Determination of Physical and Chemical Forms of the Target Elements in Raw Leachate Results and Discussion Characteristics of the Samples Element Fractionation in the Raw Leachate Sample Element Concentration in Samples at Each Treatment Step Conclusions References Studies on Radiocesium Transfer in Agricultural Plants in Fukushima Prefecture Objective Effect of Potassium Application on Root Uptake of Radiocesium in Rice Phytoremediation of Radiocesium in Different Soils Using Cultivated Plants References VI Source Estimation Investigation of Uncertainty in the Release Rates of 131I and 137Cs from Fukushima Dai-ichi NPS Estimated from Environmental Data Introduction Methods Release Rate Estimation Atmospheric Dispersion Model Environmental Monitoring Data Calculation Condition Results and Discussion Simplified Meteorological Condition Actual Meteorological Condition Conclusion References Source Term Estimation of 131I and 137Cs Discharged from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Atmosphere Introduction Method Reverse Estimation Method Environmental Monitoring Data Atmospheric Dispersion Simulation Reconstruction of Local Atmospheric Dispersion Process Radionuclides Results and Discussion Preliminary Source Term Estimation Detailed Analysis on the Local Atmospheric Dispersion Process Reestimation of Source Term for the Early Phase of the Accident Validation of Source Term by the Regional-Scale Atmospheric Dispersion Simulation Formation Processes of 137Cs Deposition over Eastern Japan Conclusions References VII Dose Assessment NIRS's Project for the Reconstruction of Early Internal Dose to Inhabitants in Fukushima After the Nuclear Disaster Introduction Measurement Data Collection Human Thyroid Measurements Human Whole-Body (WB) Measurements Environmental Measurements Proposed Methods Discussion and Future Tasks References Internal Radiation Dose of KURRI Volunteers Working at Evacuation Shelters After TEPCO's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident Background Methods Results Initial Measurement of External Radiation and Internal Radiation Doses of Volunteers Follow-Up Data of Internal Doses for Two Volunteers Discussion References Probabilistic Assessment of Doses to the Public Living in Areas Contaminated by the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident Introduction Method Scope Probabilistic Techniques in Radiation Dose Assessment Models for Assessing Doses from External and Internal Exposures Input Monitoring Data of the Surface Activity Density of 137Cs Results and Discussion Estimated Effective Doses Contributions of Different Exposure Pathways Conclusions References Reduction of External Exposure for Residents from the Fukushima Nuclear Accident by Weathering and Decontamination Introduction Methods Results and Discussion Air Dose Rates Personal Dose Equivalent for Residents References