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Political Representation in Southern Europe and Latin America: Before and After the Great Recession

I. Southern Europe Southern Europe and the Eurozone Crisis: Political Representation, Party System Characteristics and the Impact of Austerity Introduction Overview of Institutional Design: A Comparative Perspective Electoral Systems Breaking the Cyclc(s): The Eurozone Crisis and the Threat to Mainstream Politics Party System Format and Types of Government Participation and Electoral Volatility Conclusions Notes References The Study of Political Representation in Greece: Towards New Patterns Following the Economic Crisis?Introduction The Context of the Study of Political Representation in Greece Informal Channels of Political Representation in Greece A Legitimacy Crisis after the Onset of the Economic Crisis?Studying Political Representation in Greece The Beginnings From the Period of Stagnation towards the Evolution of the Field Overview of Projects on Political Representation The Evolution of Descriptive Representation in Greece: Comparing the Period Before and After the Economic Crisis Evidence of Substantive Representation in Greece The Greek Political Elite's Attitudes to Europe vis-a-vis those of the Electorate Candidate-Voter Congruence on Ideological and Attitudinal Stances Concluding Remarks Notes References Representation in the Italian Parliament Modes of Representation in Italy: From the Traditional Partycracv to the Crisis of the Early 1990s Citizen Trust in the Italian Parliament Descriptive Representation: What Changed After 1992?From Snipers to Switchers: The Difficulties of Party Representation in Contemporary Italy Ideological and Policy Congruence after the Crisis Conclusion Notes References Political Representation in Portugal Before and After the Great Recession: Legitimation and Ideological Linkages Between Voters and Their Representatives Introduction The Study of Political Representation in Portugal Before and After the Crisis The Evolution of Descriptive Representation Before and After the Crisis The Relationship Between Voters and their Representatives: Trust, Legitimacy and Satisfaction Voter-MP Congruence in Issue Dimensions: Before and After the Great Recession Voter ami MP Positions on the Economic Left-Right Index Conclusion Epilogue: The General Election of 6 October 2019 and the New Government in Portugal Notes References It Is Not Just the Economy: How Spanish Established Political Elites Understand the (Political) Crisis and Its Effects Introduction A Methodological Note: Interviewing Politicians Using a Qualitative Approach The Political Divide Contested Explanations of the Political Divide External Factors Institutional Factors Factors Related to MPs Conclusions Notes References The Social Profile of Spanish Elites Following the Great Recession Introduction The Effects of the Great Recession on the Spanish Political System Changes in the Party System Selection of Candidates Renewal of the Elites The Impact of the Great Recession on the Social Profile of the Elite: Changes or Trends?Historical Comparison New Parlies The Possible Effects on Traditional Parties Social Disproportion Index: The Congruence Between MPs and Citizens Conclusions Epilogue: The General Elections of 10 November 2019 in Spain Notes References Methodological Challenges in the Study of Political Elites: Some Reflections from Southern Europe Introduction Analysing the Whole Political Elite Population Analysing a Sample of Political Elites Maximising Answers When Interviewing Politicians Conclusions Notes References II. Latin America Latin American Politics Before and Beyond the Commodity Crisis: Representation, Institutional Design and Political Cycles Introduction Overview of Institutional Designs: A Comparative Perspective Electoral Systems Party System Format Party Systems in Latin America Party System Polarisation and Ideological Orientations Participation aiul Electoral Volatility Political and Economic Cycles in Latin America Latin America’s Economy: Structural Problems Economic Cycles and Their Impact on Latin America’s Politics Conclusions Party acronyms and full names Notes References Venezuela: Changes and Continuities in the Post-Chávez Era Introduction Defining Political Representation Economic and Political Context The Collapse of Venezuela’s Economy The Collapse of Venezuela’s Party System Elite Ideological Changes Congruence Conclusions Notes References Political Representation Studies in Ecuador: Links between Elites and Voters Introduction Representation and Political Crisis in Ecuador Satisfaction with Democracy and Trust in Representative Institutions Ideological and Programmatic Congruence Conclusions Epilogue: Ecuador’s Current Situation, Summer and Autumn 2019 Notes References Political Representation in Chile: Electoral Institutions, Elites and Voters Introduction Democracy, Authoritarianism and Back Again Voter and Members of Congress: The Electoral Connection Elite-Mass Congruence and Chilean Democracy Support for Democracy Ideological Self-position Poverty, Economic Success ami the Role of the State Conclusion Epilogue: Chile’s Current Situation, Summer and Autumn 2019 Notes References Latin American Parliamentary Elites: A Methodological Approach How to Approach a Survey of Elites?The Beginning of the Parliamentary Elites in Latin America Project from the University of Salamanca Evolution: Advances in the Project and Methodological Decisions Taken Methodological Decisions in Questionnaire Design Methodological Decisions Relating to the Unit of Analysis Methodological Decisions Relating to Fieldwork Methodological Decisions Relating to Analysis and Data Exploitation Main Contributions and Academic Production Impact Research and Methodological Challenges, and a Future Agenda Notes References Citizen Attitudes Towards the Political System: A Crisis of Representation?The Congruence Between Voters and MPs: Trends and Comparative Perspectives Economic Crises and Descriptive Representation: The Evolution of Representativeness Looking Ahead References

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Introduction: The Impact of the Great Recession and the Commodity Crisis upon Political Representation in Southern Europe and Latin America
Up until the 1990s, comparative studies of Latin American and Southern European politics were commonplace in the subfield of comparative politics (Higley and Gunther 1991; Linz and Stepan 1996). Various factors made (and continue to make) these two regions obvious targets for comparative analysis: late...
(Political Representation in Southern Europe and Latin America: Before and After the Great Recession and the Commodity Crisis)
Media Politics in Perspective: Power Shifts in Latin America and the Role of Social Actors
In the introduction to this study, I argued that the struggle for a democratization of social communication in Latin America can be seen as the continuation of old struggles for political democratization. Keeping the broader picture in mind helps to understand the conflictual nature of the debate today...
(Advocacy Coalitions and Democratizing Media Reforms in Latin America)
Catholicism and corporatism between Europe and Latin America
Social Catholicism pre-empted the spread of corporatism in Latin America. The Roman Catholic Church and its associated lay organizations, and intellectuals, following the publication of the Papal encyclicals, became central transnational agents in the introduction of corporatist alternatives to the excesses...
(Intellectuals in the Latin Space during the Era of Fascism: Crossing Borders)
Southern regional integration: Latin America and Africa
Given the institutional and financial force tnajeure of the UN System and the regional development banks, the Global South had little room for regional integration based on its own terms. The effort, however, was recognized in the views of the Non-Aligned Movement and in Latin American critical...
(International Secretariats: Two Centuries of International Civil Servants and Secretariats)
Southern Europe and the Eurozone Crisis: Political Representation, Party System Characteristics and the Impact of Austerity
Introduction Southern European countries are considered successful cases of democratic consolidation, where political and civil liberties can not only be taken for granted, but set the standard for newer democracies. Yet this assessment is less positive when we look at the overall quality of democracy...
(Political Representation in Southern Europe and Latin America: Before and After the Great Recession and the Commodity Crisis)
The Incomplete Promise of Democratization in Latin America: The Social and Political Relevance of Media Democratization
The struggle for a democratization of social communication in Latin America can be understood as part of the larger struggles for democratization that characterize much of the region's postcolonial history. For most countries there, the twentieth century was marked by an alternation between military...
(Advocacy Coalitions and Democratizing Media Reforms in Latin America)
US post-war capital networks: Europe, Latin America and the Middle East
Just as the onset of the Cold War was responsible for further establishing English in the East, that is, beyond that already established by the British (see Chapters 2 and 3), the US desire to rebuild Western Europe and to make it an open market for US capital accumulation had similar consequences in...
(Global English and Political Economy: An Immanent Critique)
Europe and the EU as traditional partners of Latin America
Relations between Europe and LAC have a long and deep-seated history. Latin America was colonized primarily by Spain and Portugal, and events that took place in Europe were at the root of Latin American independence. The languages, religion and economic organization that the colonizers imposed on the...
(External Powers in Latin America: Geopolitics between Neo-extractivism and South-South Cooperation)
Fragmented political economy in Latin America
Latin America is a resource-rich region, which traditionally has played a peripheral role as a supplier of raw materials and cheap labour in the international economic system, with sporadic and often failed attempts at autonomous industrialization. Unresolved historical issues and fragmented interests...
(External Powers in Latin America: Geopolitics between Neo-extractivism and South-South Cooperation)
Methodological Challenges in the Study of Political Elites: Some Reflections from Southern Europe
Introduction Social scientists know a lot about political institutions, but much less about those that lead these institutions, their cognitive framework, beliefs, opinions and attitudes. And yet these are important matters insofar as politicians, understood in a broad sense (Higley and Burton...
(Political Representation in Southern Europe and Latin America: Before and After the Great Recession and the Commodity Crisis)