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The Routledge Handbook on Historic Urban Landscapes in the Asia-Pacific

Introduction The Historic Urban Landscape approach The discursive themes of this volume I: Conceptualizing Historic Urban Landscapes II: Mapping tangible urban heritage III: Safeguarding intangible urban heritage IV: Fostering sustainable urban heritage V: Localizing heritage stewardship VI: Assessing urban heritage policies The future of Historic Urban Landscapes in the Asia-Pacific References I. Conceptualizing Historic Urban Landscapes CITIES: Palimpsests of cultural memory and their management Introduction Development of the urban palimpsest concept Case studies: city palimpsests and their management Hanoi, Vietnam Thang Long-Hanoi Citadel, Vietnam Vinh, Vietnam Hoi An, Vietnam Westgarthtown, Melbourne, Australia St Kilda Hill, Melbourne, Australia Urban palimpsests and the Historic Urban Landscape approach Conclusion References THE IDEOLOGY OF THE URBAN CULTURAL LANDSCAPE CONSTRUCT Introduction The human side of landscape and heritagization process Cultural landscapes and urbanization Historic Urban Landscape The landscape link Charters and declarations Case study examples Hongkou District, Shanghai Vigan, Philippines Bang Luang, Thailand Conclusion Notes References CONSERVING ASIA’S VERNACULAR WATER URBANISMS Introduction The hiti water system of Nepal The Banaue Rice Terraces, Philippines The Polders of Bangladesh Indigenous water urbanisms in prospect Conclusion Acknowledgements References RE-IMAGINING EURASIA: Past Flatland stories of urban and landscape heritage Introduction Cultural amnesia in the Stans On the long and short of forgotten artefacts and their ‘thick’ histories Preservation politics Profiles of action and inaction in the Stans Contradictions of urban preservation practice Conclusion: why the past (still) matters and moving ahead References HUMAN ASPECTS OF HISTORIC URBAN ENVIRONMENTS Introduction The culture of orthodox conservation practice The culture and experiences of local communities Issues of human-centered conservation in the Asia-Pacific region Bottom-up, community-engaged practice in heritage management Tools for studying human aspects of heritage Conclusion References HISTORIC LANDSCAPES IN RAPIDLY TRANSFORMING ASIAN CITIES: Contestations, commodification, and learning from grounded observations The inheritance of the heritage: colonialism, Eurocentrism, and the reworlding of societies Postcolonial confusions: colonialism, nationalism, and complex landscapes in Asia Multiple meanings and contestations Understanding and intervention Incorporating historic landscapes: rethinking the approach Conclusion Note References II. Mapping tangible urban heritage EVOLUTION AND REPERCUSSIONS OF THE HERITAGE DESIGNATION PROCESS IN SINDH, PAKISTAN: Lessons from Karachi and Shikarpur Introduction Heritage designation in Sindh: the beginnings Realities of the heritage designation process Response from heritage property owners Deficiencies in management and monitoring process Issues of heritage property stakeholders Individual property level Environmental level Directions for possible mitigation and problem resolution Incentives for heritage property owners Property tax waiver/relief Transfer of development rights Special grants/loans Façade easements Technical support and advice to heritage owners Motivational initiatives - advocacy and awareness building Competitive schemes and sponsored events Conclusion Notes References URBAN MORPHOLOGY AND HISTORIC URBAN LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT: The case of Kolkata, India Introduction Town plan analysis and space syntax: two urban morphological approaches Town plan analysis Space syntax A brief history of Kolkata and its built heritage Modern town planning and Kolkata’s built heritage An analysis of the morphological evolution of Kolkata’s Historic Urban Landscape Street grids Land use patterns Landmarks Accessibility and visibility Morphological interdependencies Conclusion Acknowledgements References NEW METHODOLOGIES FOR EXPLORING SENSE OF PLACE IN THE HISTORIC URBAN LANDSCAPE: Steven Cooke and Kristal Buckley Introduction The Historic Urban Landscape and Ballarat VRM and ‘sense of place’The methodology ‘Wildness’: transitivity, porosity and rhythms ‘Ordinary heritage’ and attachment to place Conclusion Acknowledgements Notes References CREATING INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FOR CULTURAL WORLD HERITAGE: Experiences from Central Asia Introduction World Heritage management, the HUL and Central Asia Challenges of documenting large-scale cultural World Heritage in Central Asia Information management systems for cultural heritage and the Silk Roads A Geospatial Content Management System (GeoCMS) for the Silk Roads The roadmap Planning and understanding the context Designing and implementing the system Populating the system Review after implementation Geographic Information Systems for the world heritage cities in Uzbekistan Conclusion Notes References CONSERVATION OF HISTORIC OPEN SPACE URBAN LANDSCAPES OF CHITTAGONG, BANGLADESH Introduction Historical background of Chittagong Chittagong’s historic growth centres and urban landscape Historical landscape typology of Chittagong Cultural open spaces Open spaces associated with bodies of water Gardens and parks Social and community open spaces Open spaces associated with tea plantations Transportation related open spaces Open spaces associated with religious places Commercial public open spaces Administrative open spaces Commemorative open spaces Conservation and Management of the Historic Urban Landscape of Chittagong Conclusion References THE ROLE OF NATURAL LANDSCAPES IN HISTORIC CHINESE CITIES Introduction The natural landscape in urban heritage A framework for the study of natural landscape in historic cities Ecological, spatial, and symbolic dimensions of natural landscape The ecological base of urban form The network of urban green spaces The viewshed and skyline The visual characteristics of natural features Belief systems and other intangible cultural heritage The natural landscape and liveability Biodiversity in the urban area Heritage values of the natural landscape in historic cities Methods for studying the natural urban landscape Natural landscape in historic Chinese cities: some examples Wuhan, Hubei province Langzhong, Sichuan province Zhao’an, Fujian province Conservation of urban natural landscape heritage Conclusion References III. Safeguarding intangible urban heritage THE SENSORY HERITAGE OF ASIAN CITIES Introduction Sensory heritage of Sri Lanka Sensory characteristics of everyday spaces Sensory characteristics of religious events The sensory heritage: key points to consider Methodological implications Conclusion Notes References GHATS ON THE GANGA IN VARANASI, INDIA: The making of a vernacular urban landscape and its conservation Introduction Design grammar of the ghats Spatial practices at the ghats A new conservation approach Historic palaces Visual aids Narrative surfaces Deployable structures Conclusion Acknowledgements Notes References SAFEGUARDING RITUAL LANDSCAPE OF LIVING URBAN HERITAGES: The case of Navadurga Masked Dance Festival of Bhaktapur, Nepal Introduction Living urban heritage of Kathmandu valley Threats to living urban heritage and ways of its safeguard The five classes of living urban heritage attributes Navadurga Masked Dance Festival of Bhaktapur The place The streets The physical markers The story The people Conclusion References INTANGIBLE DIMENSIONS OF URBAN HERITAGE: Learning from holy cities of India Introduction Framing India’s heritage scenario Intangible cultural heritage in India Religious festivals in the urbanscape of historic-holy cities Ratnalila at Ratnanagar: an example of environmental theatre as ICH Kumbha Mela, Allahabad (Prayagaraj)Pilgrimage circuits and their spatial manifestation as ICH in holy cities Pattchakroshi Yatra, Varanasi Pilgrimage routes in Ayodhya Shaping sustainable heritage city system in India Heritage and pilgrimage inclusive development: framing HRIDAY and PRASAD Sustainable development and intangible heritage Conclusion References CULTURAL ROUTES IN CHINA: The urban heritage trails of Chongqing Introduction Cultural routes and Historic Urban Landscapes Cultural route heritage of China The mountain-city trails of Chongqing Challenges facing China in navigating the concept of cultural routes Conclusion Acknowledgements Notes References FINDING HUMAN WELL-BEING IN HISTORIC URBAN LANDSCAPES Introduction The idea of human well-being Historic places and human well-being Well-being as a heritage value Improving well-being in urban heritage management Lilong urban landscape, Shanghai, China Melaka, Malaysia Dujiangyan, China Conclusion Acknowledgements Notes References IV. Fostering sustainable urban heritage INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS OF THE URBAN WORLD HERITAGE PROPERTIES OF KATHMANDU AND SAMARKAND Introduction Integrated management systems Changing understanding of heritage and its management Issues in managing urban world heritage properties Asia Bukhara, Uzbekistan Galle, Sri Lanka Lijiang, China Luang Prabang, Laos Macao, China Melaka and George town, Malaysia Lessons learned The stories of Kathmandu and Samarkand Integrated management plan for the Kathmandu valley Management frameworks and processes for Samarkand - crossroad of cultures Conclusion Notes References ERASURE AND APPEARANCE: A critical view on urban heritage management practices in China, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam Introduction Erasure and appearance Examples from UNESCO inscribed World Heritage Luang Prabang Hoi An Examples from World Heritage tentative lists Zhouzhuang Chiang Mai Conclusion Dedication References SUSTAINABLE URBANISM AND HISTORIC URBAN LANDSCAPE CONSERVATION Introduction Sustainable urbanism Biophilic cities Green urbanism Eco-city Ubiquitous eco-city Zero-carbon city Dimensions of sustainable urbanism Sustainable transportation and accessibility Sustainable neighbourhoods and resilient community Sustainable and greener environments Making urban heritage sustainable On the environmental front On the economic and social fronts Conclusion References REGENERATION OF A HISTORIC URBAN LANDSCAPE WITH PEDESTRIAN-ORIENTED STREETSCAPE DESIGN: The case of Deoksugung-gil Street in Seoul, South Korea Introduction Sustainable urban regeneration and pedestrian-oriented shared street From separation to sharing The concept of shared street Characteristics, types, and design elements of shared streets Effects and problems of shared street Shared street design in Historic Urban Landscapes The case study: Deoksugung-Gil Street in Seoul Analysis of the site condition The basic design concepts Design features of the street Street structure Planting Paving Night lighting Other facilities Sustainable aspects of Deoksugung-Gil Street Environmental sustainability Social sustainability Economical sustainability In retrospect Conclusion References TOWARDS SAFER AND RESILIENT HISTORIC URBAN ENVIRONMENTS Introduction Urban heritage at risk Reasons for increasing disaster vulnerability of historic cities and urban areas Contribution of urban heritage to resilience Challenges and priorities Agenda for action International and national initiatives Conclusion References RURAL DEVELOPMENT A strategy for urban heritage management in the Asia-Pacific region Introduction Questioning the established paradigm of urbanisation Trends in urbanisation: the Indian context Population statistics and forecasts Discrepancies in urbanisation: India compared to China Questioning the orthodox urbanisation paradigm Initiatives and technologies that support a de-centrist agenda Basic needs Water Food Shelter The digital and energy revolutions Information and communications technologies Localised renewable energies Local manufacture, global markets Questioning the paradigms of heritage The monumentalisation of heritage The distinctiveness and inclusivity of urban heritage Re-positioning the UNESCO Historic Urban Landscape initiative Conclusion Notes References V. Localizing heritage stewardship COMMUNITY-FOCUSED URBAN REGENERATION Preserving and activating the Historic Urban Landscape in Malaysian cities Introduction Urban heritage of peninsular Malaysia Advocacy and evidence-based approach Armenian park pilot project Applying HUL approaches beyond George Town Strengthening the planning process Key observations Conclusion Notes References COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT IN HERITAGE CONSERVATION: The case of Kotagede, Indonesia Introduction Heritage conservation and management in Indonesia Heritage regulatory system Community involvement in heritage conservation Community involvement in urban heritage The case of Kotagede, Yogyakarta History of Kotagede Heritage houses in Kotagede Conservation advocacy in Kotagede Community-based post-disaster rehabilitation and heritage restoration Formation of a collaborative organization Assessment and documentation of heritage damage Publications on heritage and conservation guidelines Follow-up work of Kotagede heritage rehabilitation Conclusion Notes References TRANSIENT HERITAGE VALUES, CONFLICTING ASPIRATIONS, AND ENDANGERED URBAN HERITAGE IN THE HISTORIC GALLE FORT, SRI LANKA Introduction The backdrop to recent socio-spatial transformations of Galle Fort The endangered heritage in Galle Fort Gentrification and heritagescaping Community values vs official/expert values Rapid transformation of community values Local community as agents of change Dilemma faced by heritage managers Conflicting aspirations for Galle Fort Challenges in managing the urban heritage of Galle Fort Conclusion Notes References CONSERVING THE HISTORIC PORT TOWN OF TOMO, SETO INLAND SEA, JAPAN: Repositioning urban heritage in the ‘shrinking society’Introduction Seto Inland Sea: natural beauty and development Origins of the region: peace with dynamism Booming Inland Sea: challenges as national development showcase Repositioning the status of the heritages: creating destinations Tomo: development and conservation of a historic port town Legacy of a port town Decaying port and redevelopment proposal Rising concerns and persuading tactics ‘World heritage litigation’: re-examining benefits of landscape In the fog: remaining issues and future challenges Conclusion Notes References UNDERSTANDING COMMUNITY-BASED HERITAGE VALUES: The case of the Tamil Brahmin settlement in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India Introduction Tamil Brahmin settlement in Thiruvananthapuram Method of study Core values of the settlement by the Brahmin community Sense of community Sacrality of cultural practices Value through convenience of location Architecture of the settlement Threats to the settlement as viewed by the Brahmin community Shift in attitude towards the temple Bureaucratic incompetency Lifestyle changes Pressure of tourism Ageing settlement Heritage values and threats from the perspective of non-Brahmin community How community values guide urban heritage conservation Conclusion Notes References WURUNDJERI-AL NARRM-U (WURUNDJERI’S MELBOURNE): Aboriginal living heritage in Australia’s urban landscapes Acknowledgement of Country Introduction Australia as an aboriginal landscape Wurundjeri Country yesterday and today The elements of Wurundjeri Country Wurundjeri Country and urban planning and heritage management Case studies: Birrarung Marr and the Barak building Wurundjeri today Conclusion References VI. Assessing urban heritage policies THE HISTORIC URBAN LANDSCAPE APPROACH IN THE AUSTRALIAN CONTEXT Evolving heritage practice and city management frameworks Introduction Australian urban conservation practice The HUL approach and Ballarat Expanding the implementation of the HUL in Australia Expanding the capacity of existing heritage listing regimes - City of Broken Hill, New South Wales HUL as a tool for advocacy and professional development - Canberra, Australian Capital Territory Applying a spatial lens to redesign local area studies - City of Melbourne’s Hoddle Grid project Conclusion Acknowledgements Notes References THE MONUMENT AND THE CITY: Examining India’s legacy of monument-centric conservation in the context of the Historic Urban Landscape approach Introduction Heritage conservation in India: monument centric approach as colonial legacy Monument conservation in the colonial Indian Subcontinent Heritage conservation in independent India UNESCO’S HUL Recommendation and the historic city Examining the Indian city as a Historic Urban Landscape The HUL approach: challenges and opportunities in the Indian context Heritage tales from a historic Indian city: Ahmadabad Conclusion Notes References HISTORIC URBAN LANDSCAPES OF CHINA: Issues of conservation and management Introduction China’s transformation Evolution of historic district conservation in China Heritage governance and legislation in China The national-level heritage governance and policies The provincial/tnunicipal level heritage governance The city and local level heritage governance The China Principles for heritage conservation praxis Towards an effective urban heritage conservation system for China The role of the recognition of historic districts The role of research on historic district conservation in China The role of the governance structure The role of the intent of conservation policy The role of conservation regulations The role of the agency of the public and non-governmental organisations The role of an effective review system for historic districts The role of tourism development Conclusion Acknowledgements References CONSERVING HISTORIC URBAN CORES IN IRAN: An overview Introduction Cultural heritage management system in Iran The institutions for heritage management The planning process for urban conservation Evolution of national policies for managing historic urban cores in Iranian cities Pre-1979 revolution Post-1979 revolution Terminology used in heritage regulations Current legal framework for managing historic urban cores in Iran Case study: the historic city of Yazd, a World Heritage city Reasons for the inscription of Yazd as World Heritage Boundaries of the heritage site The institutional structure of heritage management in Yazd Laws and regulations Challenges of heritage management in Yazd Social and economic issues in the historic core of Yazd Conclusion Notes References ‘LAND IS A VERY LIMITED DEFINITION OF PLACE’: Navigating urban heritage conservation in the Pacific Island nations Introduction Place, heritage and urbanization in The Pacific Islands Place and culture Issues of urbanization Issues of heritage management Levuka, Fiji: evolving approaches to heritage values and conservation Origin and development of Levuka Heritage conservation in Levuka Efforts in inclusive and integrated heritage management Conclusion Notes References HISTORIC URBAN LANDSCAPES IN THE INDIAN OCEAN WATERS: Challenges of urban heritage custodianship for the Comoros, Maldives, Mauritius, Mayotte, Réunion, and Seychelles Introduction Looking for urban heritage in the Indian Ocean waters Navigating urban heritage in the Indian Ocean waters Portraits of Indian Ocean Small Island Developing States The Comoros Islands Maldives Mauritius Mayotte Réunion Seychelles Challenges for urban heritage management in the Indan Ocean SIDS Conclusion References A TALE OF TWO CITIES: How tourism development is treated in Yangon and Macau’s urban heritage planning Introduction Yangon, Myanmar Urban conservation in Yangon Yangon and the Yangon Heritage Trust The Yangon Heritage strategy Tourism planning in Yangon Tourism, heritage planning and social responsibility Macau Special Administrative Region (SAR), China Urban heritage planning in Macau Tourism planning in Macau Tourism, heritage planning and social responsibility Discussion Conclusion References

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INTRODUCTION: Reimagining the conservation of Historic Urban Landscapes in the Asia-Pacific
Introduction Historic urban environments are being threatened by the myriad forces of global and ecological change, although these vital social, cultural, and economic assets can contribute to the regeneration and liveability of inhabited historic cities worldwide. The primary' challenge in the...
(The Routledge Handbook on Historic Urban Landscapes in the Asia-Pacific)
The future of Historic Urban Landscapes in the Asia-Pacific
As the Asia-Pacific countries march swiftly towards greater socio-economic progress, the risks to their urban heritage increase as well. Without a compelling framework to guide policies and practices that could effectively integrate and balance urban conservation and urban development, the future sustainability'...
(The Routledge Handbook on Historic Urban Landscapes in the Asia-Pacific)
The Historic Urban Landscape approach
In 2011, UNESCO adopted the Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape, as a promising holistic approach to the conservation of historic urban areas worldwide (UNESCO 2011). The Recommendation was based on the global experiences of managing urban heritage sites and the emerging understanding...
(The Routledge Handbook on Historic Urban Landscapes in the Asia-Pacific)
Conceptualizing Historic Urban Landscapes
The complex histories and current dynamics of historic cities in the Asia-Pacific region require a rethinking of existing paradigms and innovative new frameworks to comprehend the nature, concerns, and prospects of their urban heritage. UNESCO’s Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape attempts...
(The Routledge Handbook on Historic Urban Landscapes in the Asia-Pacific)
Conceptualizing Historic Urban Landscapes
CITIES: Palimpsests of cultural memory and their management Introduction Penelope Lively’s novel City of the Mind (1992) opens with her protagonist driving through London on his daily trek from home to work. He sees the building mix of columns, pediments and porticos, and stucco,...
(The Routledge Handbook on Historic Urban Landscapes in the Asia-Pacific)
Urban palimpsests and the Historic Urban Landscape approach
Communities often struggle to safeguard the tangible expressions of their identity and heritage in the face of top-down decisions to invest in new construction in the historic centres of major cities. The global shift in the balance between conservation and development, noted in relation to Hoi An, increases...
(The Routledge Handbook on Historic Urban Landscapes in the Asia-Pacific)
Historic Urban Landscape
The concept of the Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) is a major initiative by UNESCO in the field of conservation of urban areas associated with change that is taking place in the world’s cities. It was first set out at a UNESCO conference in Vienna in May 2005,5 and advocated in the Vienna Memorandum...
(The Routledge Handbook on Historic Urban Landscapes in the Asia-Pacific)
URBAN MORPHOLOGY AND HISTORIC URBAN LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT: The case of Kolkata, India
Introduction Urban morphology is an area of geographical study that explores patterns of urban form and structure. For several decades now, urban morphological studies have used different cartographic and geometric concepts, methods and measures to describe the significance of urban landscape...
(The Routledge Handbook on Historic Urban Landscapes in the Asia-Pacific)
An analysis of the morphological evolution of Kolkata’s Historic Urban Landscape
To understand Kolkata’s HUL as an urban landscape, I study the growth and evolution of its urban morphology in this section of the chapter. For my morphological study, 1 collected several maps of Kolkata prepared and/or published in the following years: 1742, 1753, 1756, 1784, 1832, 1838, 1842, 1849,...
(The Routledge Handbook on Historic Urban Landscapes in the Asia-Pacific)
NEW METHODOLOGIES FOR EXPLORING SENSE OF PLACE IN THE HISTORIC URBAN LANDSCAPE: Steven Cooke and Kristal Buckley
Introduction In international heritage practice, the approaches heralded by the UNESCO Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) (UNESCO 2011) are becoming increasingly commonplace in the discourses about urban heritage issues, sustainability, development and culture. While initially...
(The Routledge Handbook on Historic Urban Landscapes in the Asia-Pacific)