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Intellectual Property Issues in Nanotechnology

Intellectual Property Issues in Nanotechnology INTRODUCTION STANDARD DEFINITION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE TECHNOLOGY MULTI-DISCIPLINARY NATURE ABILITY OF NANO-PRODUCTS TO SOLVE SPECIFIC PROBLEMS DIFFICULTIES TO PROTECT NANOTECHNOLOGY AS TRADE SECRET ENFORCEMENT AND POLICING LEVEL OF TRANSPARENCY IN IP FILING IP REGULATORY BODIES AND LAW PROVISIONS PATENT VS. PUBLICATION PATENT BY THIRD PARTY CONCLUSION ACKNOWLEDGMENT REFERENCES Section 2. Food and Agricultural Nanotechnology Edible Crop Production by Nanotechnology: Is It a Sustainable Technology for Healthy Soil?INTRODUCTION NATURAL AND ENGINEERED NANOMATERIALS IN THE SOIL NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR Applications of Nanotechnology in Agriculture Nanopesticides Nanofertilizers Nanosensors and Nanocomposites Impact on Health, Society, and Economy NANOTECHNOLOGY TO PRODUCE EDIBLE CROPS DOES NANOTECHNOLOGY SHAPE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT?WHAT DOES HEALTHY SOIL AND THE THREAT POSED BY NANOTECHNOLOGY MEAN?AGRO-NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CONCLUSION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES Optimistic Influences of Nanotechnology on Food Security and Agriculture INTRODUCTION APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR (AT THE PRODUCTION SITE)Nanopesticides Nanonutrients and Nanofertilizers Genetic Tool Nano-Enhanced Biological Treatment of Agricultural Wastewater Nanotechnology in Animal Production and Animal Health Improve the Quality of the Soil APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN THE FOOD SECTOR (AT THE MARKETING SITE)Food Processing Food Packaging Food Storage REFERENCES Trichoderma-Based Nanopesticides: Next-Generation Solution for Disease Management INTRODUCTION Trichoderma Nanotechnology APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE Nanofertilizers Nanopesticides BIOSYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles Biosynthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Using Trichoderma sp Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Through Trichoderma reesei Through Trichoderma atroviride Through Trichoderma koningii Through Trichoderma harzianum BIOSYNTHESIS OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES THROUGH FUNGUS Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis by Trichoderma sp Through Trichoderma harzianum Through Trichoderma koningii Biosynthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Biosynthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles through Trichoderma ANTIMICROBIAL ACTION OF TRICHODERMA NANOPARTICLES AGAINST PLANT PATHOGENS Mechanism of Action of Nanoparticles DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION USED FOR THE CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOPARTICLES UV-Visible Spectroscopy Electron Microscopy (EM)Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)X-Ray Diffraction Energy Dispersive Spectrum (EDS), Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX), and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectral (XPS) Techniques Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)REFERENCES Role of Nanopesticides in Agricultural Development INTRODUCTION WHAT ARE PESTICIDES?What Are Nanopesticides?Advantages of Nanopesticides Types of Nanopesticide Formulations Nanoemulsion Pesticides Nanosuspension Pesticides Nanocapsule Pesticides Nanoparticle Pesticides CONCLUSION REFERENCES Applications and Practices of Myconanoparticles in Food and Agriculture INTRODUCTION BIOSYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES BY FUNGI APPLICATIONS OF FUNGAL MNPS IN FOOD AND AGRICULTURE Vegetable and Fruit Preservation CONCLUSION REFERENCES Section 3. Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Core Competencies in Cancer Nanotechnology in Brazil: Contributions of Scientific and Technological Knowledge in the Health Sector BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY SEARCH STRATEGY FOR IDENTIFYING CORE COMPETENCIES IN CANCER NANOTECHNOLOGY IN BRAZIL CORE COMPETENCIES IN CANCER NANOTECHNOLOGY IN BRAZIL CONCLUSION REFERENCES Disruptive Nanotechnology Implications and Bio-Systems - Boon or Bane?INTRODUCTION Survival Strategies How Were Infectious Agents Encountered?The Onset of Antimicrobial Resistance CLASSIFICATION OF NANOMATERIALS Nanoparticles Carbon-Based Materials Metal-Based Materials Dendrimers Composites Nanofabrication (Synthesis of Nanomaterials)Bottom-Up Approach Top-Down Approach INTEGRATION OF NANO WITH BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS Man vs. Metals Engineering of Silver Nanoparticles Nanobiotechological Aspects (Bio-Nanofactories)Drug Delivery System Virus as a Vector Nanobacteria and Nanobes Magnetotactic Bacteria Nanotechnology-Based Products RIGHT TO NANOTECHNOLOGY Nanotechnology Milestones Need for IPR How Does Nano IPR Vary from Biotechnology IPR Pitfalls of Nanotechnology for I PR NANOTECHNOLOGY REGULATIONS ACROSS THE GLOBE ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH HAZARDS MANAGEMENT CONCLUSION REFERENCES Nanocellulose Application in Encapsulation and Controlled Drug Release INTRODUCTION CELLULOSE NANOCELLULOSE Cellulose Nanofibers Cellulose Nanocrystals Bacterial Nanocellulose CONTROLLED RELEASE OF DRUGS Obtaining Pharmaceutical Formulas Hot Melt Extrusion Spray-Drying Freeze-Drying In Vitro Drug Release Test NANOCELLULOSE IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL FIELD Pharmaceutical Applications of Nanocellulose for Drug Release Nanocellulose Improving Drug Solubility Toxicological Tests in Nanocellulose FINAL CONSIDERATIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES Intellectual Property Challenges and Opportunities for India's Nano-Bio-Yatra INTRODUCTION NANOMEDICINE: UNLIMITED POTENTIAL IN A SMALL PACKAGE NANOMEDICINE DEVELOPMENTS IN INDIA EFFECTIVE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY (IP) PROTECTION FOR NANOMEDICINES - GIVING SCIENTISTS AND NANOMEDICINE ENTREPRENEURS THE TOOLS FOR SUCCESS REINTRODUCING PRODUCT PATENT PROTECTION FOR MEDICINE: THE WTO TRIPS AGREEMENT DATA PROTECTION/EXCLUSIVITY FOR COMMERCIALLY VALUABLE CLINICAL DATA TAKING SOUNDINGS OF MODI GOVERNMENT'S IP REFORMS CONCLUSION NOTES Minimizing Negative: Long-Term Occurrences in Nanotechnology Development INTRODUCTION Safety Material Characterization Nanomaterial Properties Potential Hazards Nanotechnology Safety (Nano-Safety)ISSUES REQUIRING NANO-SAFETY How Are People Impacted?How to Address the Challenges? - Ethics WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE?Material and Equipment IMPLEMENTATION AND TRAINING OF NANO-SAFETY Developed Educational Programs Nanotechnology Safety Seminar College/University Courses Two-Year Program Certification SUMMARY ACKNOWLEDGMENTS NOTES Impact of Nanomaterials on Human Health through/ via Food Chain INTRODUCTION ACCUMULATION OF NANOPARTICLES IN CROP PLANTS HUMAN EXPOSURE TO NANOMATERIALS Toxicological Studies of Metallic Nanoparticles Toxicological Studies of Carbon Nanomaterials CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES CONFLICT OF INTEREST ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES Patenting Issues in the Development of Nanodrugs INTRODUCTION PATENTS Innovation vs Invention Intellectual Property Rights Patents in Various Countries Limitation of Patent Rights Classification of Patentability Criteria of Patentability Types of Pharmaceutical Patents in India Transfer of the Patent Rights NANOTECHNOLOGY IN DRUG DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT Emerging Technology in Medicine Synthesis of Nanoparticles Nanotoxicity NANOPARTICLES IN DRUG DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT Nanoparticles Particles Therapy Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs)Polymer Nanoparticles Gold Nanoparticles Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Quantum Dots NANOTECHNOLOGY PATENTS IN DRUGS AND DIAGNOSIS Nanocrystals Patents in Drug Delivery Iron Oxide Nanaoparticle Patents in Drug Delivery Graphene Quantum Dots Patents GQDs Patents in Imaging ISSUES IN THE NANODRUG PATENTS Monitoring of Nanodrugs Challenges Related to Nanodrugs Issues in the Interactions of Nanodrucs and Biology Issues Related to IPR Issues in the Standards of Nanomaterials CONCLUSION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES A Survey of Recent Nanotechnology-Related Patents for Treatment of Tuberculosis INTRODUCTION GLOBAL ТВ REPORT M. TUBERCULOSIS (MTB)DRUG RESISTANCE MDR (Multidruc-Resistant) ТВ XDR (Extensively Drug-Resistant) ТВ TDR (Totally Drug-Resistant) ТВ MECHANISM OF INFECTION CURRENTLY AVAILABLE TREATMENT FOR ТВ First-Line Drug Therapy Second-Line Drug Therapy Third-Line Drugs Bacteriophage Enzymes as Anti-ТВ Agents Nanotechnology Approach Nanoliposomes (NLPs)Nanoparticles Ligand-Conjugated Anti-ТВ Drug Microemulsions Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs)Alginate Nanoparticles (ANPs)CONCLUSION REFERENCES A Patent Landscape of the Emerging Nanomolecules for the Treatment of Leishmaniasis INTRODUCTION IMMUNE BIOLOGY OF LEISHMANIASIS TREATMENT OF LEISHMANIASIS AND ITS LIMITATIONS Failure of Treatment of Leishmaniasis Alternatives for the Treatment of Leishmaniasis by the Use of Nanoparticles CONCLUSION FUTURE PROSPECTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REFERENCES Section 4. Industrial Nanotechnology Intellectual Property Issues in Industrial Nanotechnology INTRODUCTION NANOTECHNOLOGY IN MAJOR ECONOMIES United States European Union United Kingdom INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND RELATED CONCEPTS Patents Copyright Trademark Trade Secrets THE IMPORTANCE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN NANOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN INDUSTRY Sanitation and Health Sector Products Dust-Absorbing Mask Hospital Disinfection (Nanobiocide)Sunscreens, Brightening, and Anti-Wrinkle Creams Antibacterial Insoles Containing Silver Nanoparticles Nanosilver Colloid Surface Disinfectant Water, Sewage, and Environment Sector Products Halophilic Ultrafiltration Nanocomposite Membranes UF, MF, and NF Ceramic Membranes Domestic Gray Water Purifier Using Ceramic Nanostructured Membranes Paint, Resin, and Composite Products Anticorrosion Powder Paint Containing Silica Nanoparticles (Improved Corrosion Resistance)Self-Cleaning Waterborne Paint Antibacterial Waterborne Acrylic Paint UV Curing Acrylate Coating Containing Silica Nanoparticles Nanoclay Containing Traffic Color for Increased Abrasion Resistance Epoxy Paint Containing Nanoscale Materials to Increase Corrosion Resistance Masterbatch Containing Nanoparticles Polyethylene-Based with High Mechanical Properties (ADFIL 230)Antibacterial Polyamide (PA) Masterbatch Containing Nanoparticles Nanocoatinc Products Physical Coating Steam Device with Hybrid Technology Industrial Coating Device with 1,600 Sputtering Method Nanocomposite Nanolayer Coatings, Ultra-Hard, Wear-Resistant, and Erosion-Resistant on the Surfaces of a Variety of Cutting and Shearing Tools Hard Nanoscale Coating on Aluminum Extrusion Molding INFRINGEMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN NANOTECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIES Patent Infringement Copyright Infringement Trademark Infringement Trade Secret Misappropriation REFERENCES Nanotechnology in the Philippines: Status and Intellectual Property Rights Issues INTRODUCTION APPLICATIONS PHILIPPINE ROADMAP ON NANOTECHNOLOGY (2017-2022)NANOTECHNOLOGY AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS The Increasing Trend of Upstream Research Patents in Nanotechnology The Multidisciplinary Nature and Multi-Industry Application of Nanotechnology Patents Complexity in Classifying Nanotechnology Inventions NANOTECHNOLOGY PATENTS IN THE PHILIPPINES REFERENCES Measurement Techniques for Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids INTRODUCTION PREPARATION OF NANOFLUIDS MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES FOR THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY Transient Hotwire Method Thermal Constants Analyzer Technique Steady-State Parallel-Plate Method ω Method CONCLUSION REFERENCES Nanotechnology Industry: Scenario of Intellectual Property Rights INTRODUCTION Criteria for Nanotechnology Patent Invention UNDERSTANDING PATENT POTENTIALITY AND LIMITATIONS IN THE NANOTECHNOLOGY DOMAIN The Importance of IPR The Interdisciplinary Nature of the Nanotechnology Domain Complicated IP Issues in Nanotechnology Diversification of the Nanotechnology Field and Understanding Patent Law Advantages of Patents Patent Practice for Nanotechnology SCENARIO OF NANOTECHNOLOGY PATENTS IN VARIOUS INDUSTRIES AND THEIR IMPACT Patents in Materials Science Industry Patents in Nanomedicine and the Health Industry Patents in the Biotechnology Industry Patents in the Environment Industry Patents in Agriculture and Food Industry Patents in the Pharmaceutical Industry Patent Landscaping Scenario of Nanotechnology Patents at the Global Level CONCLUSION REFERENCES A Mass Approach towards Carbon Nanotubes in the Field of Nanotechnology CARBON NANOTUBES STRUCTURE, SPECTRA, AND CHARACTERIZATION TYPES OF CNTS PRODUCTION STRATEGIES FOR CNTS DISPERSION OF CNTS: THE BRIDGE FROM RAW CNTS TO RIPENED CNTS TYPES OF FUNCTIONALIZATION OF CNTS Non-Covalent Functionalization Covalent Functionalization CNT-BASED NANOCOMPOSITES Types of CNT Composites Polymer Matrix Nanocomposites (PMNC)Ceramic Matrix Nanocomposites (CMNC)Metal and Metal Oxide Matrix Nanocomposites (MMNC)CNTS: FINALLY MOVING OUT OF THE LAB; PATENTING AND INDUSTRIALIZATION Patent Claim Validity and Scope Global Sketch of Patenting CNTs Production Analysis CONCLUSION REFERENCES

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