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International Secretariats: Two Centuries of International Civil Servants and Secretariats

Abbreviations IO BIO: career descriptions International secretariats as actors International civil servants Available literature Outline of the book Notes International river commissions The Congress of Vienna The Rhine Commission The Danube Commission Conclusion Notes Public international unions Invention of the follow-up conference Multinational conferences and treaty making Institutionalization and permanent secretariats Institutionalization and governing boards Nineteenth-century international functionaries Conclusion Notes Concert of Europe conferences and private initiatives Multilateral conference secretariats The private Red Cross initiative The Institute of International Law The Permanent Court of Arbitration The 1907 Hague Peace Conference International anti-slavery, prostitution, and labor legislation Conclusion Notes War and peace: 1914–1919 The International Committee of the Red Cross Inter-Allied war councils The establishment of the League of Nations Public international unions, river commissions, and permanent courts The establishment of the International Labour Organization Conclusion Notes The League of Nations and the International Labour Organization Setting up the League of Nations Secretariat Setting up the International Labour Office The Permanent Court of International Justice The specialized agencies of the League of Nations Geneva as an international city On the eve of war Conclusion Notes Wartime international organizations The Allied United Nations Setting up the United Nations Organization Conclusion Notes The United Nations System Specialized agencies and international staff United Nations frontierspersons Coordination within the United Nations System Boundary decisions and individual leaders Conclusion Notes Regional international organizations Culturally based continental organizations UN regional economic commissions European cooperation The Global South Conclusion Notes NATO and OECD Alliance formation and institutionalization Inter-organizational relations The OECD Secretariat Conclusion Notes International courts and tribunals The International Court of Justice Administrative tribunals War crimes: Nuremberg and Tokyo Creating international criminal courts The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea The Permanent Court of Arbitration revived Conclusion Notes The United Nations Secretariat The secretary-general’s political leadership Expanding the UN Secretariat Managing the UN Secretariat Women in the UN Secretariat Ongoing administrative reform UN cities and nationalities in the UN Secretariat Conclusion Notes Regional integration around the world Western multilateral development aid Southern regional integration: Latin America and Africa Setting up the EEC Commission The European Court of Justice The internal negotiating game and external activities of the EEC The evolution of the ASEAN Secretariat Post-Communist international secretariats Conclusion Notes World conferences, sherpas, and treaty secretariats United Nations world conferences Country clubs and sherpas Treaty secretariats The Paris Agreement Conclusion Notes Inventing the international secretariat Detailing the internal structure of intergovernmental organizations Leaving secretariat elaboration to frontierspersons: 1919 and 1945 Structures matter and people matter Notes Select bibliography

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Conclusion: Two centuries of international civil servants and secretariats
• Inventing the international secretariat • Detailing the internal structure of intergovernmental organizations • Leaving secretariat elaboration to frontierspersons: 1919 and 1945 • Structures matter and people matter It is rare to find the name Coquebert de Montbret in literature about IGOs.Yet,...
(International Secretariats: Two Centuries of International Civil Servants and Secretariats)
International civil servants
What is known about international civil servants? They are the persons who are employed by IGOs to fulfil international functions.‘Civil servants’in the sense of government officials are inherently related to states, whereas the group of'international civil servants’ is disconnected from national...
(International Secretariats: Two Centuries of International Civil Servants and Secretariats)
International civil aviation organisation requirement: an interview with the quality manager of the Icelandic Meteorological Off
The Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO) is under the responsibility of the Ministry for the Environment and Natural Resources. The role of the office is to contribute towards increased safety and efficiency in society. This is done, for example, by monitoring, analysing, interpreting, informing, giving...
(Quality Management: A Project Management Perspective)
Neoliberalism, the Education Market, Civil Servants and the State
Neoliberalism—which is the short form for neoliberal capitalism and which we have talked about earlier-is affecting all sectors and spheres of life. One of these is the educational landscape of the 'new India'. Education is increasingly a commodity, in reality and in the minds of millions of people....
(The Political Economy of New India: Critical Essays)
Competitiveness and challenges for Greek civil servants after the crisis
Mihail Th. Papailias Introduction Historical background of the crisis The economic crisis in Greece was officially announced on 23 April 2010 at Kastelorizo. On 2 May 2010 the eurozone countries and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) approved a three-year support package to Greece...
(Competitiveness and Economic Development in Europe: Prospects and Challenges)
Twenty-first Century Challenges for Civil Society: Culture, Religion, and Climate Change
Any society that contains differences is bound to be filled with disagreements. Successful societies contain sufficient stability and common ground despite these differences to permit each person and group’s way of life to flourish alongside others. The term “multiculturalism” is often...
(Political Thinking, Political Theory, and Civil Society)
Passive reaction and inaction among civil servants
In China, getting a job as a government bureaucrat has been the path to power and relative wealth in China for centuries. It has also led, in more recent times, to bureaucratic sclerosis and corruption. After President Xi started clamping down on graft, absenteeism and other abuses of power, many officials...
(Weathering the Storm in China and India: Comparative Analysis of Societal Transformation under the Leadership of Xi and Modi)
Senior civil servants
Until the 1980s, senior civil servants - generally those in the three highest bands or grades, of which Permanent Secretary was the most senior — were often suspected of being the real source of power in (or, rather, behind) British government. This was largely attributed to their longevity in a department,...
(The Routledge Handbook of British Politics and Society)
How civil servants may press a proposal on a minister
If it is decided to put the matter to the minister, a “submission” covering the main arguments is prepared. Junior officials prepare detailed drafts for their seniors, who in turn clear the broad lines of the proposal with their superiors. The personnel and finance branches are squared. The press...
(Prime Minister and Cabinet Government)
Ministers do overrule civil servants
However, the bottom line is that if the proposal is initiated by officials and requires ministerial consent, the minister is in a strong tactical position if he or she says no. The odds are always stacked in favour of the status quo. If the minister sits tight, there is probably little the civil servants...
(Prime Minister and Cabinet Government)