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The Routledge Handbook Of Adoption

I Adoption in context HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY CONTEXTS OF US ADOPTION: An overview Prior to the 1900s -1960s S-2000 s-the present Issues and areas of controversy in adoption Openness Transracial adoption International adoption LGBTQ adoption Inequality in adoption as a reproductive option Emerging areas of exploration and practice References US ADOPTION BY THE NUMBERS Methods Shifts in adoption patterns Decreasing number of adopted children under 18 since 2000 Which states have higher percentages of children under 18 who are adopted?Characteristics of transracially adopted children Place of birth of internationally adopted children Conclusion Author note References AN ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE ON ETHICS IN ADOPTION POLICY The right number of adoptions Imperfect information aspect Positive externality aspect Existing policy creates too few adoptions Creating more adoptions Increasing adoptions using subsidies Improving information without reducing adoptions is difficult Creating better adoptions Conclusion References DOMESTIC ADOPTION IN ETHIOPIA Background Legal and policy frameworks for domestic adoption UNCRC and ACRWC The Ethiopian constitution The Revised Family Code proclamation of 2000 Alternative child care guidelines Intercountry adoption Domestic adoption Increased awareness on benefits of family-based care to children Government-induced interventions Ban on intercountry adoption Foster-to-adopt: the case of Bethany Global Steps in program implementation Awareness raising Partnerships and capacity building Child and family assessment Matching-to-placement Post-placement services Key aspects of Bethany’s role in innovating alternative care Deinstitutionalization of care Building infrastructure for a new care option Partnership with the faith community Current state of domestic adoption in Ethiopia Conclusions Note References INTERSECTION OF INFORMATION SCIENCE AND CRISIS PREGNANCY DECISION-MAKING Frameworks Methods Findings Envisioning future possible selves, pre-adoption Envisioning future possible selves, post-adoption Trading of trust and power Developing trust in information providers Negotiating trust with the adoptive parents Implications for adoption research and practice Conclusion References RESPECTING CHILDREN’S RELATIONSHIPS AND IDENTITIES IN ADOPTION Birth family relationships and identity Relationships Identity Relationships with foster carers and other previous caregivers Building a secure base in the adoptive family Planning and supporting adoptions that respect children’s relationships and identities: Connections to policy and practice References THE EARLY GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT STUDY: Using an adoption design to understand family influences and child development Introduction Birth parents Factors that lead to choosing adoption Adoptive families Implications for practice and policy References II Diversity in adoption UNIQUE CHALLENGES AND STRENGTHS FOR FAMILIES FORMED THROUGH INTERNATIONAL ADOPTION The process of bonding and family integration Communication about adoption Psychosocial development and adjustment Ethnic and cultural differences Searching and reconciliation with origins Practical implications and future lines of research Conclusions References A CRITICAL ADOPTION STUDIES AND ASIAN AMERICANIST INTEGRATIVE PERSPECTIVE ON THE PSYCHOLOGY OF KOREAN ADOPTION Adoption as natural experiment and intervention Adoption (and race) as a risk factor A critical adoption studies and Asian Americanist integrative approach to adoption studies The historical and cultural context of Korean adoption Review of research Perceived discrimination Ethnic-racial identity ERI as a protective factor Parental cultural socialization Cultural socialization and ethnic-racial identity Cultural socialization and psychological outcomes Cultural socialization as a protective factor Self-directed cultural engagement Policy and practice implications Discussion Future research Notes References A NATIONALLY REPRESENTATIVE COMPARISON OF BLACK AND WHITE ADOPTIVE PARENTS OF BLACK ADOPTEES Literature review Multiracial Black adoptees Gaps in the literature Methods Independent variables Results Discussion Conclusion Author note References RACIAL AND GENDER PREFERENCES AMONG POTENTIAL ADOPTIVE PARENTS The influence of policy and practice Country-specific rules Agency practice Structural opportunities and constraints The adoption marketplace Adoption type and child characteristics Cultural social norms Sex/gender preference Racial preferences Implications for policy and practice References ADOPTIVE FAMILIES HEADED BY LGBTQ PARENTS Debate about adoption by LGBTQ people Research on families headed by LGBTQ adoptive parents How and why LGBTQ people adopt children Challenges and strengths of LGBTQ adoptive parents Individual outcomes for members of LGBTQ parent families Implications for future research, policy, and practice Conclusion Notes References POST-INSTITUTIONALIZED ADOPTED CHILDREN: Effects of prolonged institutionalization and adoption at an older age Early caregiving relationships Quality of care in institutions Development of post-institutionalized adopted children Resilience Sleeper effects Timing of institutionalization and sensitive periods Practice and policy implications References ADOPTEES WITH DISABILITIES OR MEDICALLY INVOLVED CHILDREN: A multidisciplinary approach for preparing parents, assessing the child, and supporting successful family formation Background Adoption of children with disabilities The second wave: International and special needs adoption The third wave: At-risk and medically complex children Parent preparation The comprehensive assessment for foster/adopted children Medical assessment Developmental assessment Sensory processing assessment Mental health assessment and support Conclusion References ADOPTION IN THE CONTEXT OF NATURAL DISASTER Trends in international adoption Adoption as rescue The 2010 Haitian earthquake The international response to the plight of children after the earthquake Increases in international adoption in the year after the earthquake Adoption from Haiti in the years after the earthquake Reflections on the policy of expediting adoptions Natural disasters since the Haitian earthquake Conclusion: policy and practice implications References III Lived experience BIRTH MOTHERS’ OPTIONS COUNSELING AND RELINQUISHMENT EXPERIENCES Relinquishment Birth parents’ response to the relinquishment process Services and support during the relinquishment process Methodology Recruitment and procedures Sample Measure Data analysis Results Sample at the time of relinquishment Consideration of adoption Influences on relinquishment decision Access to information Access to services Sources of social support Sources of pressure Information and time Relinquishment decision Relinquishment timeframe Reasons for relinquishment Satisfaction with decision Post-relinquishment support Helpfulness of informal and formal supports Limitations Discussion Practice and policy recommendations Authors’ note References TRANSRACIAL ADOPTEES: The rewards and challenges of searching for their birth families Motivations to search Sociocultural context of searching Normative aspects of searching Psychological aspects of searching Searching strategies Contact and reunions Implications for practice Conclusion References COMMUNICATION ABOUT ADOPTION IN FAMILIES Models and theories of adoption-related family communication Family adoption communication model: theorizing change Family communication patterns theory: exploring cohesion Narrative theories: Illuminating sensemaking and identity Relational dialectics theory: Competing for meaning-making Discourse dependency: Communicating complexities, challenges, and connections Adoption decisions, pathways, and experiences: empirical findings (Pre-)adoption decisions Primary pathways Domestic (private) adoption Foster adoption International adoption Adoption reunions Implications for practice and policy References OPEN ADOPTION Domestic infant adoptions Family dynamics Outcomes for adoptive kinship network members Domestic adoptions from the child welfare system International adoptions Conclusions Recommendations for practice and policy Recommendations for future research References HOW ADOPTIVE PARENTS THINK ABOUT THEIR ROLE AS PARENTS Parent role and Shared Fate Theory Shared Fate Theory as adoptive parenting cognitions Implications of adoptive parenting cognitions Parental role in ethnic-racial socialization Adoptive parents’ feelings of entitlement Implications for practice Informing agencies Informing clinical work References RELIGIOSITY AND ADOPTION Religion and willingness to adopt Religious identity/affiliation Measures of religiosity Religion not included Religious motivations to adopt among adoptive parents Religious meaning-making in adoption Implications for policy and practice References ADOPTIVE MICRO AGGRESSIONS: Historical foundations, current research, and practical implications The historical context of adoption The stigmatization of adoption Research on racial microaggressions Adoptive microaggressions research The intersectionality of multiple identities in the context of adoptive microaggressions Conclusion and practice implications Note References MALTREATMENT OF ADORTEES IN ADOPTIVE HOMES Maltreatment of children Adoptive families Biological families Foster care Understanding of maltreatment Etiology of child maltreatment Family- and community-level theories Stress and anger models Individual-level theories Consequences of child maltreatment Policy and practice recommendations Home studies Pre-placement training and education Matching Post-placement supports Financial Conclusion References IV Outcomes SPEECH AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT IN ADOPTED CHILDREN Genetic and environmental influences on language Neurobiological effect of poor caregiving on language development Implications for policy and practice Neurobiological effect of changing languages Language outcomes in internationally adopted children Children adopted internationally between 0 and 2 years Implications for policy and practice Children adopted internationally between 3 and 4 years Children adopted internationally at 5 years and older Implications for policy and practice Language abilities in school-age internationally adopted children Implications for policy and practice Conclusion References BEHAVIORAL AND EMOTIONAL ADJUSTMENT IN ADOPTEES The role of attachment Emotional and behavioral adjustment Mediating mechanisms related to behavioral and emotional adjustment Executive functions Emotion regulation Emotion understanding How to foster emotional and behavioral adjustment Summary and implications for policy and practice References THE NEUROBIOLOGICAL EMBEDDING OF EARLY SOCIAL DEPRIVATION IN CHILDREN EXPOSED TO INSTITUTIONAL REARING Brain development in the context of adverse rearing Early adverse experiences and global brain development Prefrontal cortex structure and functioning Prefrontal cortex structure and functioning in adopted youth Limbic circuitry structure and functioning Amygdala structure Hippocampus structure Limbic functioning HPA axis HPA axis alterations Cortisol reactivity Diurnal rhythms Autonomic nervous system Typical autonomic nervous system functioning ANS functioning in adopted youth Interventions that influence neurobiolog)' in adopted youth Policy and practice implications Conclusions References POST-ADOPTION SHORT-AND LONG-TERM SOCIAL ADAPTATION AND COMPETENCE OF INTERNATIONALLY ADOPTED CHILDREN Child-parent attachment Indiscriminate social behavior Social competence and identity development Relationship qualities Social and academic competence Adoptive identity and ethnic identity Self-esteem Summary and policy implications References ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AND SCHOOL ADJUSTMENT OF INTERNATIONALLY ADOPTED CHILDREN IN NORWAY Academic achievement of international adoptees Factors mediating relationship between adversity and academic outcomes Academic performance and school adjustment of international adoptees in Norway Participants and procedure Main results from the Norwegian study Conclusion and implications for policy and practice References PARENTING STRESS IN ADOPTIVE FAMILIES Non-adoptive and adoptive families Child characteristics and parenting stress Parent(ing) characteristics and parenting stress Implications for intervention with adoptive families References ADOPTION INSTABILITY, ADOPTION BREAKDOWN Permanence, instability, breakdown Conceptual and methodological difficulties How many cases of adoption instability or breakdowm?Adoption instability Adoption breakdown Causes of adoption instability and breakdown Child characteristics Adoptive parents and family life Support and services Policy and practice implications References V Adoption competency ADOPTION COMPETENT CLINICAL PRACTICE Adoption competence: toward consensus Adoption competent practice defined Adoption competent clinical practice principles Foundational requirements Complexity of mental health needs Competencies in practice Adoption as a form of family formation Loss, grief, and separation Trauma and brain development Attachment Therapeutic parenting in addressing challenging behaviors Identity formation Adoption lens Conclusion Implications for policy, practice, and research References TRAINING FOR ADOPTION COMPETENCY CURRICULUM Introduction Responding to the need: The Center for Adoption Support and Education CASE’s clinical treatment approach and services Defining adoption competency and developing TAC Creating a sub-specialty in adoption clinical practice The TAC curriculum TAC participants Evaluation of TAC Case example: Adoption competent mental health practice Changes in information collected at intake Methods used to assess child/family Clinical approaches used Expanding the reach: National Adoption Competency Mental Health Training Initiative Implications for research, practice, and policy Conclusion References AWARENESS OF ADOPTION AT SCHOOL Introduction and case example Culturally responsive teaching An understanding of loss and separation for educators Trauma-informed schools Case study Presenting problem Intervention Implications Strategies for educators Positive behavioral interventions and supports (PBIS)Using adoption-friendly language The special education process Pre-referral requirements Special education services English Language Learners/English as a new language School partnerships Family-school connection Individualized education plans Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)Barriers to engagement Overcoming barriers Implications for instruction Library resources Family-centered projects Pre-service teachers Explicit direct instruction Resources and assignments Adoption-friendly language Adoption resources for educators and students Articles: Schools and adoption Culturally responsive teaching English Language Learners/adoption resources Explicit direct instruction Family engagement Mental health resources Family partnerships Special education Trauma-informed schools Assignments Library resources/books References POST-ADOPTION SERVICES: Needs and adoption type Types of post-adoption sendees Service needs as a function of adoption type Domestic private adoptions International/intercountry adoptions Adoptions from child welfare Service use as a function of child and family characteristics Family dynamics Post-adoption services for youth with special needs Other considerations for post-adoption access Difficulty accessing post-adoption services Practice implications Policy implications Conclusion References ADOPTION-SPECIFIC CURRICULA IN HIGHER EDUCATION Adoption-specific curricula in degree programs Post-degree adoption training programs Adoption curricula study Method Results Phase one: course syllabi Phase two: online survey Phase one: course syllabi updates Discussion Educational implications Practice and policy implications Study limitations Future directions and recommendations Note References

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