Reflections on the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Accident

Integrating Social-Scientific Literacy in Nuclear Engineering Education Approaches Developed in the GoNERI Program Preamble GoNERI PAGES PAGES 2009 and 2010 Summer Schools Concept, Aim, and Design of PAGES 2011 Summer School Planning for PAGES 2011 Summer School Aim and Design of PAGES 2011 Program Specific Arrangements for Educational Effectiveness Results and Evaluation Points Discussed During the Program Evaluation of PAGES 2011 Concluding Remarks I Understanding the Fukushima Daiichi Accident and Its Consequences Event Sequence of the Fukushima Daiichi Accident Overview of the Accident Unprecedented Mega-Earthquake Tsunami Accident Progression for Units 1–3 Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Present Situation of Cores and PCVs of Units 1–3 Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Spent Fuel Pool Cooling Plant Explosion Units 1 and 3 Unit 4 Concluding Remarks Analysis of Radioactive Release from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Introduction Methods of Analysis General Concepts for Various Models Model 1: Release from Fuel with Known/Assumed Inventory Model 2: Codes for Severe Accident Progression Analysis Model 3: Atmospheric Transport Model Model 4: Ambient Dose Rate from the Contaminated Ground Occurrence of the Accident and Release, Transport, and Washout of the Radiation Plume Evaluations Approach Based on Radionuclide Release Analysis: Model 1 Approach Based on Radiation Monitor Comparison Between Approaches Contamination and Environmental Cleanup Summary and Conclusion Environmental Contamination and Decontamination After Fukushima Daiichi Accident Prologue Environmental Contamination Surface Radioactivity Concentrations Radiation Doses Due to Contamination Regulatory Guidelines Modeling of Decontamination to Help Decision Making Purpose of Modeling Mechanisms Considered in the Model Results Waste Generation by Decontamination Model and Data Results Concluding Remarks: Conflicting Values and Motives Appendix: Mathematical Formulations Long-Term Energy and Environmental Strategies Introduction Regionally Disaggregated DNE21 Nuclear and Photovoltaic (PV) Modeling Model Simulation Simulation Assumptions and Settings Calculated Results Energy Modeling Challenge After Fukushima Conclusion Impact of Fukushima Daiichi Accident on Japan's Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Spent Fuel Management Status Quo How Has This Status Quo Been Generated?What Are the Problems with the Current Situation?Political Impact of the Fukushima Daiichi Accident in Europe Earlier Accidents The Three Mile Island Accident The Chernobyl Accident The Fukushima Accident and Radiological Impact The Accident The Size of the Radiological Impact Outside Japan Technical Assessments and Stress Tests in Europe IAEA Reports The European Union Political Impact in Europe from Fukushima Influence of Green Politics in Europe II Etiology Where Was the Weakness in Application of Defense-in-Depth Concept and Why?Introduction Weakness in the Application of Defense-in-Depth Concept Level 1 Level 4 Level 5 Nuclear Safety Regulation Two-Agency System Hardware Focus Frequent Shuffling Differences in Plant Responses Among 17 Nuclear Power Plants Cultural Attitude Issues General Observation Related Studies Link with National Culture Future Directions Conclusions Ethics, Risk and Safety Culture Reflections on Fukushima and Beyond Preamble Introduction Preliminaries Historical Perspective on Culture and Technology Safety Culture, Ethics and Risk Uncertainty and Safety Philosophy Reflections on Fukushima Daiichi Where Do We Go from Here?Appendix A: The Conventional Approach to Risk Assessment Appendix B: Defense in Depth Appendix C: The Accident Sequence at Fukushima Daiichi The “Structural Disaster” of the Science-Technology-Society Interface From a Comparative Perspective with a Prewar Accident Introduction The “Structural Disaster” of the Science-TechnologySociety Interface The Basic Points About the Fukushima Daiichi Accident from the Perspective of “Structural Disaster”The Development Trajectory of the Kanpon Type and Its Pitfalls The Accident Kept Secret The Hidden Accident and the Outbreak of War with the U.S. and Britain: How Did Japan Deal with the Problem?The Sociological Implications for the Fukushima Daiichi Accident: Beyond Success or Failure Conclusion: Prospects for the Future Three Mile Island and Fukushima Some Reflections on the History of Nuclear Power III Basis for Moving Forward Implications and Lessons for Advanced Reactor Design and Operation Short Reflection of Basic Safety Issues Lessons Learned and Recommendations Derived Natural Hazards Emergency Power Supply Loss of Heat Sink Hydrogen Detonation Measurement at Severe Accidents Management of Severe Accident Recommendations and Requirements Derived from Lessons Learned Examples for Potential Countermeasures and/or Technologies to be Applied External Events Design of Buildings, Systems and Components Mitigation Measures Against Severe Accidents Summary Understanding the Health Impacts and Risks of Exposure to Radiation Introduction Fundamental Concepts Defining and Measuring Ionizing Radiation A Perspective on Natural Versus Man-Made Radiation Distinguishing External from Internal Exposure Categorizing the Health Effects of Radiation Direct Versus Indirect Effects Acute Versus Chronic Effects Deterministic Versus Stochastic Effects Homogeneous Versus Heterogeneous Irradiation Correlating Radiation Exposure with Health Effects Low Dose Ionizing Radiation Linear-No-Threshold Model Chronic Exposure to Low Dose Radiation Minimizing and Treating Exposure to Radiation The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident Estimating the Exposure to Ionizing Radiation and Subsequent Impact Radionuclides Released from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Health Effects and Consequences Conclusions Appendix A: Glossary of Useful Terms Appendix B: Suggested Literature for In-Depth Reading of Topics Discussed in This Chapter Nuclear Safety Regulation in Japan and Impacts of the Fukushima Daiichi Accident Introduction Historical Progress of Nuclear Safety Regulation in Japan The First Period (1957–1978)The Second Period (1978–1999)The Third Period (Since 1999)Two Regulatory “Failures”—Systemic Causes of the Fukushima Daiichi Accident “Failure” of Interdisciplinary Communication “Failure” of Voluntary Safety Efforts Requirements for New Regulatory System Strengthening Independence Ensuring Integrative Capabilities Future Challenges References Radioactive Waste Management After Fukushima Daiichi Accident Introduction Legislation for Radioactive Waste Management after Fukushima Daiichi Accident Management of Contaminated Water Management of Radioactive Wastes Generated Within Nuclear Power Station Management of Nuclear Fuels in Nuclear Reactors and Spent Fuel Pool Concept of Radioactive Waste Disposal Summary From Fukushima to the World How to Learn from the Experience in Japan IV Reflections by Students and Mentors Students' Reflections Format for Students' Discussion at the Summer School Students' Essays Thoughts on Emergency Workers' Dose Limit, by Toshiyuki Aratani, the University of Tokyo The Role of Engineers in Democratic Societies, by Christian Di Sanzo, University of California, Berkeley Greater Public Good and Rationality,by Denia Djokic, University of California, Berkeley Role of Nuclear Professionals After Fukushima, by Kenta Horio, the University of Tokyo Risk Analysis and Public Confidence, by Naomi Kaida, the University of Tokyo Benefits Versus Risk,by Keisuke Kawahara, the University of Tokyo Was Mr. Yoshida Ethical? by Lukis MacKie, University of Tennessee, Knoxville Safety Culture and the Accident, by Hiroshi Madokoro, the University of Tokyo Information Sharing at the Accident, by Haruyuki Ogino, the University of Tokyo Risk Perception and Communication, by Petrus, Tokai University Radiation Risk Communication, by Kazumasa Shimada, the University of Tokyo Benefits Versus Risks, by Kampanart Silva, the University of Tokyo Benefits of Nuclear Power, by Christina Novila Soewono, Tokai University Who Am I? What Is My Own Role on Earth? by Shin-etsu Sugawara, the University of Tokyo The Role of Nuclear Engineers in Society,by Tatsuhiko Sugiyama, the University of Tokyo The Role of Nuclear Engineers in Society, by Eva Uribe, University of California, Berkeley Educating the Post-Fukushima Nuclear Engineer Introduction A Brief History of Nuclear Engineering Education Post-Fukushima Questions and Answers Building Sustainable Interdisciplinary Bridges Conclusion Reflections on Developing an Identity for the Third Generation Nuclear Engineer in the Post-Fukushima Society Preface Implications of the Fukushima Daiichi Accident to Nuclear Engineering Goals for This Chapter Motivation for This Chapter What Is a Professional?A Particular Challenge to Engineering as a Profession Regarding Public Communication as a Form of Professionalism Beginning to Understand Professional Ethics as a Responsibility Final Remarks Regarding Nuclear Engineering as a Profession Nuclear Engineers for Society: What Education can do Introduction Nuclear Education Reform Before the Fukushima Daiichi Accident Communication on Science and Technology Attempts in Nuclear Engineering Community Unfruitful Results from the Attempts Is Communication Essential for Advancing Nuclear Engineering?Legitimacy Introspection Trust Effective Communication Communication with Society and the General Public Communication with Experts in Other Fields Reform of Education Standardization and Internationalization Transparency and Sharing Social-Scientific Literacy Education Faculty Development and Evaluation Concluding Remarks V Education in Future Engineers, Social Scientists, and Nuclear Power A Narrative from Within Introduction Paths into the Project Searching for Fit Voice, Tone, Trust, and Power After the Accident Discussing the Fukushima Daiichi Catastrophe Closing Observations Towards More Open-Minded Nuclear Engineering Diversity, Independence and Public Good Introduction Denial of Nuclear Power: A Message from Japanese Court Responses from Nuclear Engineers in Japan Don't Refuse, but Inspired by the Voice from Society Democratization of Nuclear Engineering: Not Just for Political Correctness, but Also for Innovation of Technology Concluding Remarks: Independence and Diversity of Nuclear Engineering for Unprecedented Challenge Lunchbox-Toolbox: GKS1350021 and Nuclear Engineers A Request: From GKS1350021 to Nuclear Engineers Invisibility Versus Transparency: The Ex-SKF Blog Lunchbox-Toolbox: Meeting Joonhong Ahn Remediation and GKS1350021: Teaching Contamination as a Literary Critic Scientist Citizen: Cecile Pineda's Devil's Tango: How I Learned the Fukushima Step by Step Citizen Scientist: From Nuclear Engineers to GKS1350021 Resilience Engineering A New Horizon of Systems Safety Introduction Shift in the Focal Point of Systems Safety Era of Technology Era of Human Error Era of Socio-Technical Interactions Era of Resilience Progress in Human Reliability Analysis First-Generation HRA Second-Generation HRA Cognitive Model of Team Performance Safety Culture and High Reliability Organization What Is Resilience?Definition of Resilience Essential Characteristics of Resilience Social Aspect of Resilience Key Issues in Resilience Engineering Implementation Process of Resilience Assessment of Resilience Interdependencies Between Systems Decision Support Resilience in Ordinary Situations Social Installation Conclusion