Affirmative Action in Malaysia and South Africa: Preference for Parity
Preference for parity: purposes, contexts and instruments of affirmative actionWhat is affirmative action, and why do it?How did affirmative action come about?How is affirmative action implemented?To what extent has affirmative action achieved its goals, and to what extent has it fallen short?Where does affirmative action go from here?Notes on terminologyNotesTheoretical and historical underpinningsConcepts, complexities, contentionsDefining affirmative actionDebates and contentionsMarket mechanisms and anti-discrimination versus state intervention and positive discriminationRace-based versus need-based/class-based affirmative actionMerit and effort, efficiency and dependencyBuilding from the debateReinforcing affirmative action with need, class and merit considerationsNotesPolicy regimes: a study in contrastsMalaysiaSystemic disadvantage and affirmative action imperativesConsolidation and expansionPolitical economic contextMalay hegemony and executive dominanceDynamics of race relationsEconomic growth and public expendituresSouth AfricaApartheid legacy and affirmative action imperativesPolitical economic contextComplex transitionsBig business and business-state nexusEconomic growth and public expendituresMalaysia and South Africa in comparative perspectiveConstitutional provisionsPolitical transitionInter-racial socio-economic disparity and minority economic strengthNotesAffirmative action pillars and programmes: MalaysiaPolicy visions and frameworksAffirmative action programmesHigher educationHigh-level occupationsEnterprise developmentPublic enterprises to privatization to government-linked companiesPublic procurement and licensingLoans, support and training for small and micro enterpriseWealth and property ownershipNotesAffirmative action pillars and programmes: South AfricaLegal and policy frameworksAffirmative action programmesHigher educationHigh-level occupations and skills developmentEnterprise developmentExecutive positions and board membership in large corporationsBlack ownership, control and management of companiesState-owned entities and public enterprises/state-owned companiesLoans, grants and the Black Industrialist ProgrammeWealth and property ownershipNotesPolicy achievements and reforms: progress, shortfalls and prospectsEmpirical literature and analytical frameworkIndividual-focused studiesNational-scope, multi-country studiesWorks on Malaysia and South AfricaMalaysiaSouth AfricaAnalytical frameworkTemplateData sourcesAffirmative action outcomes in MalaysiaPost-secondary and higher educationEnrolment and attainmentGraduate employment and labour market mobilityInter-generational upward mobilityHigh-level occupationsSectoral distribution: public sector and private sectorEnterprise developmentPublic procurementGovernment-linked companies and publicly listed companiesLoans, grants and ancillary supportWealth and property ownershipPublic opinion and popular supportConclusionNotesAffirmative action outcomes in South AfricaHigher educationEnrolment and attainmentAchievement and participationTransition to the labour marketHigh-level and skilled occupationsGroup representationCase study: university staffSectoral distribution: public and private sectorsAnalysis of employment equityEnterprise developmentExecutive positions and board membership in large corporationsBlack-owned companies and BBBEE scorecard elementsState-owned entities and public enterprises/state-owned companiesLoans, grants and ancillary supportWealth ownershipPopular attitudes toward affirmative actionConclusionNotesTaking stock and looking aheadTaking stockHigher educationHigh-level occupationsEnterprise developmentWealth and property ownershipLooking forwardPolicy framework and reform prospectsAdopt a systematic approachReinforce and reform affirmative action by integrating need-based and merit-based selectionHigher educationHigh-level employmentEnterprise developmentWealth and property ownershipDevise long-term, sector-specific plans for transitioning away from overt race-based preferenceLimitations and dilemmasThe present moment: fluidity, continuity, opportunityNotesBibliography
