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Ageing, Long-term Care Insurance and Healthcare Finance in Asia

Population ageing and financing health and long-term care in Asia Trends in population ageing Financing health and long-term care in Asia Health financing Tax-funded model Social health insurance (SHI) model Private health insurance (PHI) model The mandatory savings model The out-of-pocket model Long-term care financing Analytical foundation: a refined version of multiple-streams framework Kingdon’s multiple-streams framework Critiques of Kingdon’s multiple-streams framework A refined version of multiple-streams framework Policy entrepreneurs Ideas Windows of opportunities Historical institutionalism outline China: the urban health insurance reform Introduction Pre-reform era Labour Insurance Scheme (LIS)Government-funded Healthcare Scheme (GHS)Cooperative Medical System (CMS)The process of the urban health insurance reform The problem stream The policy stream The political stream Changes in political and economic contexts A centralized political system Negotiations, bargaining and consensus-building Decentralization-based and ‘trial and error’strategies Ideational forces Challenges to the current multi-layered social health insurance system Conclusion Hong Kong: the mandatory health insurance reform fiasco Introduction Pre-reform era The process of the 1999 health financing reform The problem stream The policy stream The political stream A disjointed political system The difficult economic circumstances The institutionalization of old ideas Implementing the Voluntary Health Insurance Scheme in 2019 Challenges to the free healthcare system: the current situation Conclusion Japan: the long-term care insurance reform Introduction Pre-reform era Employees’ Health Insurance (EHI)National Health Insurance (NHI)Health insurance for the elderly The long-term care (LTC) insurance reform The problem stream The policy stream The political stream Challenges to the current long-term care system Conclusion Singapore: a compulsory long-term care insurance reform Introduction The creation of a multi-layered health financing system Medisave MediShield/MediShield Plus/Integrated Shield Plans/MediShield Life Medifund/Medifund Silver/Medifund Junior ElderShield/ElderShield Supplements Introducing the new CareShield Life from 2020 The problem stream The policy stream The political stream Conclusion Acknowledgement Taiwan: the National Health Insurance reform Introduction Pre-reform era The Labour Insurance (LI)The Government Employees Insurance (GEI)The Farmers Health Insurance (FHI)The process of National Health Insurance (NHI) reform The problem stream The policy stream The political stream Challenges to the National Health Insurance: the current situation Conclusion The Republic of Korea: integration reform Introduction Pre-reform era The process of integration reform The problem stream The policy stream The political stream Advantages of the single-payer system Challenges to the current single-payer system Conclusion Healthy ageing in Asia Introduction Physical wellness Social wellness Financial wellness The creation of dementia-friendly communities Adopting new care models Conclusion Acknowledgement Bibliography

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Population ageing and financing health and long-term care in Asia