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Veterinary Forensic Medicine and Forensic Sciences

Crime Scene Investigation Overview Crime Scene Investigation Planning Stage of an Animal Case Approach to the Crime Scene and Securing of the Scene Crime Scene Triage Scene Documentation With Photography and Video Diagramming and Sketching of the Crime Scene Search For Evidence At the Crime Scene Documentation and Collection of Evidence Live Evidence Identification of Live Evidence Physical Examination of Live Evidence Reassessment of Live Evidence Biosecurity Requirements of A Crime Scene References General Principles of Veterinary Forensic Sciences and Medicine Introduction Defining Veterinary Forensics Forensic Science History The Forensic Veterinarian Today Comparing Veterinary Forensic Sciences to Human Forensic Sciences Animal As the Cause Application of Veterinary Forensic Sciences to Legal Investigations The Animal Victim ANIMAL AS THE CAUSE Bites Zoonosis Types of Forensic Medicine Requirements of Veterinary Forensic Medicine Veterinary Forensic Medicine Comparative Forensic Medicine Current Trends Future of Veterinary Forensics Awareness Education Access to Information Establishment: Standardization of Systems and Protocols Research and Development: Investigative Techniques Collaboration Networking Conclusion References Humane Law Enforcement From Initial Report to Final Appeal Overview Initial Notification and Reporting Investigation, Probable Cause, and Search Warrants Investigation Probable Cause Search Warrants Joint-Agency Investigations and Operational Planning Preparing the Case Hoarding Puppy Mills The Courtroom, Possible Outcomes, and the Emotional Toll The Courtroom Possible Outcomes What of the Animals?Cost of Care Abandonment Emotional Toll References Animal Genetic Evidence and DNA Analysis Introduction Information Available From mtDNA Information Available From nDNA Methodology Conclusion References Forensic Entomology Introduction Background Basic Insect Anatomy The Insect Life Cycle Use of Entomological Evidence Time of Colonization Extended Time of Colonization Cause and Manner of Death Season of Colonization and Postmortem Movement Evidence of Neglect Presence of Wounds Presence of Drugs Calculating Time of Colonization Insect Succession and Extended Time of Colonization Adventive and Incidental Species Important Insects in Decomposition Oestridae Calliphoridae Phormia regina (Meigen)Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius)Compsomyiopes callipes (Bigot)Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart)Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius)Calliphora vicina (Meigen)Calliphora vomitoria (Linnaeus)Calliphora (Eucalliphora) latifrons (Hough)Calliphora lívida (Hall)Calliphora alaskensis (Shannon)Cynomya cadaverina (Robineau-Desvoidy)Cynomya mortuorum (Linnaeus)Protophormia terraenovae (Robineau-Desvoidy)Lucilia illustris (Meigen)Lucilia sericata (Meigen)Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann)Lucilia coeruleiviridis (Macquart)Lucilia cluvia (Walker)Lucilia mexicana (Macquart)Lucilia elongate (Shannon)Muscidae Musca domestica (Linnaeus)Musca autumnalis (DeGeer)Hydrotaea (Ophyra) leucostoma (Wiedemann)Hydrotaea dentipes (Meade)Hydrotaea (Ophyra) aenescens (Wiedemann)Muscina stabulans (Fallen)Fannia scalaris (Fabricius)Fannia canicularis (Linnaeus)Sarcophagidae Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis (Fallen)Sarcophaga bullata (Parker)Phoridae Megaselia abdita (Schmitz)Megaselia scalaris (Loew)Megaselia rufipes (Meigen)Piophilidae Phiophila casei (Linneaus)Stearibia nigriceps (Meigen)References Animal Sexual Abuse Historical Context Defining Crime in the Context of Animal Sexual Abuse Is Animal Sexual Abuse A Psychopathy in Humans?Animal Sexual Abuse Incidence Examination of the Suspected Animal Sexual Abuse Victim Conditions That Can Mimic Animal Sexual Abuse The Anus and Perineum The Vulva and Vagina The Penis, Scrotum, and Testes Steps For the Veterinary Examiner to Take in Cases of Suspected Animal Sexual Abuse The Physical Exam Alternate Light Source Examination Trace Evidence DNA Evidence Swabbing Record Keeping Photography Radiography Chain of Custody Conditioning Conclusion References Blunt Force Trauma Types of Trauma Abrasions Scrape (or Brush) Abrasions Impact (Contact) Abrasions Pattern Abrasions Contusions (Bruises)Lacerations Fractures Pathologic Fractures Skull Fractures and Blunt Force Trauma to the Head Aging of Lesions Abrasions Contusions Fractures Challenges to Aging Abrasions, Contusions, Lacerations, and Fractures Assessment of Bft Victims References Sharp Force Trauma Introduction Defining Sharp Trauma Lesions and Sharp Objects Stab and Incised Wounds Chop Wounds Therapeutic/Diagnostic Wounds Miscellaneous Objects Identifying and Examining Sharp Trauma Lesions Determining Manner, Mechanism, and Cause of Death Crime Scene Findings Conclusion References Gunshot Wounds and Wound Ballistics Introduction Considerations In Animal Ballistic Cases Types of Projectile Injury Cases Encountered Types of Firearm Weapons Handguns Air, Gas, or Spring Guns Rifles Shotguns Miscellaneous Types of Weapons Nail (Stud) Gun Bang Stick Captive Bolt Gun Ammunition Firing A Gun Rifling Ballistics Wounding Capacity Wound Analysis Entrance Wounds Intermediary Wounds Exit Wounds Range Determination Contact Near (Close) Contact Intermediate Distance Indeterminate Distance Shotgun Wounds Examination of Alive Or Deceased Animal Gunshot Victims Photographs Radiology External Evidence Collection Gunpowder Analysis Techniques Trajectory Documentation Conclusion References The Forensic Necropsy Introduction to the Medicolegal Necropsy TRAINING AND AUTHORITY Techniques History and Death Scene Investigation Submission of the Body and Other Evidence Preliminary Imaging Techniques Establishing the Identity of the Body External Examination Internal Examination Microscopic Examination Ancillary Diagnostic Techniques Radiography Alternate Light Source Examination Toxicology Parasitology Bone Marrow Fat Analysis Microbiology Entomology Other Analyses Collection of Evidence Disposition of the Body and Evidence Reporting Necropsy Results References Forensic Veterinary Osteology Introduction Bone Structure and Growth Anatomical Terms Dental Terms Skeletal Elements Cranium Sight Sound Smell Taste Dentition Postcranial Forelimb Scapula Humerus Radius and Ulna Torso/Pelvis Clavicle Vertebrae Sternum Ribs Os coxae Hindlimb Femur Patella Tibia and Fibula Fore and Hind Paws Carpals and Tarsals Metacarpals and Metatarsals Phalanges Application of Veterinary Osteology Identification Process Non-Mammal Carnivora versus Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla Dog/Cat/Raccoon/Opossum Dog/Wolf/Coyote Conclusion References Environmental and Situational Injuries/Death Introduction Burns Burn Classifications Total Body Surface Area Rule of Nines Palm Method Thermal Scalding Cigarette Burns Solar Dermatitis Radiant Heat Burns Chemical Burns Microwave Electric Burns Tasers Histology Smoke Inhalation Carbon Monoxide Cyanide Poisoning in Fires Examining the Animal Fire Victim Deceased Animal Fire Victim Entomology Hyperthermia Examination Gross/Histology Findings Drowning Mechanism of Drowning Phases of Drowning Cold Water Complications in Surviving Animals Gross and Microscopic Lesions Postmortem Changes Hypothermia Cold Injury Gross and Microscopic Conclusion References Animal Fighting and Hoarding Introduction Animal Fighting Laws Animal Welfare Act (7 U.S.C. § 2156)Animal Fighting Cockfighting Types of Cockfights Cockfighting Participants Promoter Handler Referee Spectator Cockfighting Profiles Training The Cockfight Medications/Paraphernalia Bird Processing Types of Injuries Necropsy Housing Disease Testing Outcomes/Euthanasia Dogfighting Types of Dogfights Dogfighting Participants Dogfighting Profiles Training The Fight Medications/Paraphernalia Dog Processing/Types of Injuries Necropsy Outcomes Hog-Dogfighting Working With Law Enforcement Animal Hoarding Laws Animal Neglect and Cruelty with No Federal Strategy Types of Animal Hoarders Overwhelmed Caregiver Rescuer Hoarder Exploiter Hoarder Animal Hoarding Hoarding Crime Scenes The Hoarding Cases Conclusion References Veterinary Forensic Toxicology What Is Veterinary Forensic Toxicology?Principles of Veterinary Toxicology Definitions Concepts of Toxicology Target Organ Toxicity Veterinary Forensic Toxicology Investigations Malicious Animal Poisonings Forensic Investigations Sample Collection and Handling Types of Toxicology Analytical Methods Toxicants Commonly Used in Intentional Animal Poisonings References Animal Abuse and Interpersonal Violence Introduction Defining Crime In the Context of Animal Abuse How Much Animal Abuse Is Occurring in our Communities?Data Collection: It's Complicated Who Investigates Allegations of Animal Abuse?Not All Crime Is Reported, Not All Reported Crimes Are Solved Beyond Broken Windows The Link Versus the Mesh Animal Abuse and Its Relationship to Serial and Mass Murders Animal Abuse and Its Relationship to Domestic Violence Animal Abuse as a Marker of Antisocial Behavior References Animal Neglect and Abuse Definitions of Animal Neglect and Abuse Animal Neglect Animal Abuse Society's Concern with Animal Abuse Cases Types of Animal Abuse Assessment of An Animal(S) For A Potential Animal Abuse Or Neglect Case General Considerations Special Considerations for Neglect/Abuse Ancillary Testing Body Condition Scoring Pain Scale Scoring Periodic Réévaluations Questions Typical Medical Conditions Found in Animal Abuse and Neglect Cases Embedded Collars or Tethering Chains/Ropes Overgrown Nails/Hooves Developmental Abnormalities from Chronic Malnutrition Congenital Deformities/Abnormalities from Inbreeding Matted Coats External Parasite Infestations Internal Parasite Infestations Wounds from Fighting Untreated Medical Conditions Conditions Related to the Environment Deceased Animals Battered Pet Syndrome Pattern of Injury Appendix: Resources for Pain Assessment and Management References Processing Forensic Cases Involving Agricultural Animal Species Introduction Additional Challenges When Dealing With Livestock Cases Handling Transport Injured, Diseased, Or Dead Animals Assessing Welfare Assessing and Documenting the Animals and Premises On the Initial Walkthrough Documenting Adequate Nutrition Including Feed and Access to Feed Determining Quality and Quantity of Feed Adequate Water Adequate Shelter Adequate Medical Care Lameness Scores DOCUMENTING LIVESTOCK SPECIES Documenting the Individual Photographs Description Bovine Equine Pigs Sheep and Goats Poultry Report Writing Conclusion Resources Body Condition Score Charts Bovine Camelids Equine Meat Breeds Poultry Sheep Swine Estimation of Body Weight Using a Measuring Tape Age Estimation Using Dentition Cattle Horses Goats and Sheep Animal Identification Charts for Lesions Assessment Protocols Dairy Cattle Beef Cattle Laying Hens Broilers Sheep Goats Pigs Horses Donkeys Lameness Score Charts Beef Cattle Dairy Cattle Horses Pigs Sheep Performing Fecal Egg Counts Performing a California Mastitis Test National Forage Testing Association National Professional Veterinary Associations USDA APHIS Animal Identification Requirements References Veterinary Forensic Radiology and Imaging Introduction, Scope, and Definitions Medical Images As Evidence and Reporting Production of the Radiographic Image and Radiation Protection Forensic Applications of Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance, and Ultrasound Radiology and Imaging in Identification and Age Determination Radiology and Imaging of the Osseous Response to Trauma Radiology and Imaging of Firearm Injury Radiology and Imaging of Soft Tissue Injury Radiography and Imaging Signs of Neglect Radiology and Imaging Mimics of Abuse Conclusion References Legal Investigations in Shelter Medicine Introduction Animal Welfare Laws Recognition of Animal Cruelty Collection of Evidence Forensic Examination Diagnostics Treatment and Preventative Care Evidence Preservation Postmortem Examination Veterinary Forensic Report Conclusion References Animal Law Civil Legal Issues Criminal Legal Issues Animal Neglect Animal Cruelty Animal Fighting Animal Sexual Abuse Why Should We Care About Animal Crimes?The Link to Violence against Humans Prosecuting Animal Crimes Animal Control and Law Enforcement Prosecution Veterinary Examination and Treatment of Abused Animals Courtroom Testimony Conclusion Acknowledgments Endnotes

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