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Routledge Handbook on Arab Media

Debunking the myth of exceptionalism Identity politics Regional rivalry National security and media policies Digital transformation Limitations References MASS MEDIA IN ALGERIA Introduction Emergence and development of print media in Algeria Algerian press after independence Radio and television in Algeria (establishment and development)Media laws and regulations in Algeria Financial regulation of media in Algeria Conclusion References NEW AND SOCIAL MEDIA IN ALGERIA Introduction Internet development in Algeria Social media usage in Algeria, emerging trends and regulatory ecology Socio-political significance of social media: potential and challenges Conclusion Notes References MEDIA IN BAHRAIN - A CONTESTED SPHERE Introduction Historical background Media post-independence Regulating the media Challenges post-2011 Conclusion References PRESS IN EGYPT: Impact on social and political transformations Historical background Egyptian press business models Newspapers owned by individuals State-owned newspapers (national newspapers)Newspapers owned by political parties (partisan newspapers)Newspapers owned by companies (private newspapers)Competition: audience and market share Laws and legislation Regulatory bodies A Journalists Syndicate (1940-present)Supreme Press Council (1978-2018)National Press Authority (2016-present)Press freedoms The role of the press in social and political change Conclusion Notes References THE EGYPTIAN BROADCASTING SECTOR BETWEEN 1920 AND 2020 Introduction History of Egyptian radio History of Egyptian television Ownership in the broadcasting sector Conclusion Notes References SOCIAL MEDIA IN EGYPT: The debate continues Introduction Historical background Main providers Audience share in a competitive market Regulatory environment after 25 January uprising Regulatory bodies Social and political functions of social media Mediated mobilization and participatory journalism during the uprising Civil society and social media after Tahrir Conclusion References IRAQI PRESS - BETWEEN PROPAGANDA AND SECTARIANISM Introduction The press after the fall of the monarchy in July 1958 The Iraqi press under the Ba’ath Party 1968-1979 The partisan press Iraqi media under Saddam 1979-2003 Babil newspaper - a special experiment in the history of Iraqi press The sanctions and the Iraqi press Iraqi newspapers after the American invasion 2003 The coverage of the new press Azzaman and Al Sabah newspapers Conclusion References BROADCASTING IN IRAQ-FROM PLURALISM TO ETHNO-SECTARIANISM Introduction Historical background Market competition Laws and regulations Government control versus market rules Social and political functions of broadcasting: politics and media economics Media and development Conclusion References and further reading SOCIAL MEDIA AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN IRAQ Introduction Social media use Iraqi Media Laws Politics, culture, and social media Conclusion References THE PRINT AND ONLINE MEDIA IN JORDAN -BETWEEN LIBERALIZATION AND CONTROL Introduction A brief history of Jordanian print and online media Legal frameworks and the current regulatory environment The political economy of Jordanian print and online media Censorship and soft containment The potential for social and political change Conclusion References BROADCAST MEDIA IN JORDAN AND THE (RENTIER) STATE Introduction Broadcast media and becoming a nation State-led broadcasting: laws and regulations Change brings the same: the social and political functions of broadcasting An ending or a beginning?References and further reading CHRONICLING KUWAIT’S MEDIA EVOLUTION The politics of technology and regulation Introduction Historical background The beginning of the broadcasting media The Internet and digital media The media in Kuwait’s constitution Media regulations Government control versus market rules Censorship Conclusion: media and social change Notes References WHITHER THE LEBANESE PRESS? THE TRIALS AND TRIBULATIONS FACING THE LEBANESE PRINT MEDIA Introduction Historical background Press laws and regulations Social and political functions of the press Conclusion APPENDIX Notes References and further reading LEBANESE BROADCASTING: Small country, influential media Introduction Lebanese radio Main radio stations and current issues In the spotlight: how Sawt al-Sha‘b illustrates audience reach issues in Lebanese radio broadcasting Lebanese television Main television channels and current issues In the spotlight: how LBC illustrates the impact of Lebanese television on the Arab region Broadcasting policies and journalists’ censorship Conclusion References MEDIA AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN LIBYA Historical background Libyan radio Libyan television Business models for TV and radio broadcasting and the press Audience share and market competition Laws and regulations Challenges of how to regulate after the “Arab Spring” revolutions The Internet and social media use Social and political functions of broadcasting Censorship Audiences and media as spaces of free speech Conclusion Notes References and further reading MEDIA IN MAURITANIA: Challenges and development Introduction Media pluralism: emergence and early challenges Public and private media Radio and TV broadcasting Constraints affecting the development of journalism Journalism and publishing laws Liberalization of the audiovisual media Outcomes of liberalizing the audiovisual media Current challenges of Mauritanian media Conclusion Notes References THE MOROCCAN PRESS: Challenges and development Introduction Main players Business models and audience share Advertising market Laws and regulations The 2016 Press and Publication Law The Anti-Terrorism Law The National Press Council (NPC)Social and political functions of the press: interplay between state and media The four phases of press development Uncertain beginnings (1991-1998)Free retrospection (1999-2005)Confrontation and censorship (2006-2011)Normalization and self-censorship (2011-2020)Conclusion References MEDIA CONFIGURATION IN MOROCCO Introduction Historical background Background and contextualization - Moroccan broadcasting sector Radio Television Notable developments in media configuration and the process of liberalization Legal framework and regulations of the media landscape in Morocco Voices of content producers: advertising and competition Conclusion Acknowledgments References THE NEW AND SOCIAL MEDIA IN MOROCCO Introduction Historical background Politics of “digital” Morocco and information society Legal infrastructure: Internet and cyber laws Social and political functions of social media Freedom of speech online Civil society development Conclusion References MASS MEDIA FOR DEVELOPMENT - THE MEDIA IN THE SULTANATE OF OMAN Introduction The emergence of Omani mass media Censorship and self-censorship Working in tandem with the state Media rules and regulations in Oman Conclusion References PALESTINIAN MEDIA BETWEEN PARTISANSHIP AND PROPAGANDA The development of the Palestinian press The development of Palestinian broadcasting The state The third sector “NGOs”Private sector Non-state broadcasting Laws and regulations Social and political functions of broadcasting Conclusion References PALESTINIAN NEW MEDIA Introduction Historical background Main players: key outlets Business models and competition Internet usage for Palestinians in Israel Israeli competition Laws and regulations The contemporary regulatory environment State media versus independent media Censorship Social and political functions of this medium Conclusion References and further reading Appendix 1 2017 ICT DEVELOPMENT INDEX BY COUNTRY Appendix 2 PARTIAL LIST OF SOCIAL MEDIA-RELATED ARRESTS BY ISRAELI AND PALESTINIAN AUTHORITIES IN 2017 MEDIA DEVELOPMENTS IN QATAR Introduction The media landscape in Qatar Qatari Press Radio broadcasting services in Qatar Television broadcasting services Digital media in Qatar Laws and regulations on media and journalists Social and political functions of broadcasting Conclusion References Appendix NEWSPAPER USAGE IN QATAR AL JAZEERA NETWORK AND THE TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE GLOBAL COMMUNICATION FLOW Introduction Arab broadcasting before the Al Jazeera revolution Reporting the world differently: Al Jazeera’s stance The Arab Spring revolutions: Al Jazeera’s galvanizing effect In the midst of Algerian and Sudanese social activism: Al Jazeera’s bustling public sphere War on Al Jazeera’s daring journalism Conclusion Notes References THE SAUDI PRESS - THE COMBINED POWER OF WEALTH AND RELIGION Introduction The beginnings of the Saudi press Media conglomerates Journalism education and practice Forms of censorship Clerics as censors Online press Saudi ministry of media The (un)declared mission of the press Conclusion Note References SAUDI BROADCASTING MEDIA - A TOOL FOR REGIONAL INFLUENCE Introduction Historical background Clerics against television Saudi-funded pan-Arab television The fluidity of broadcasting regulations Cultural gatekeeping Conclusion References THE JANUS-FACED NEW MEDIA IN SAUDI ARABIA Introduction Historical background New media vs. social media A Saudi social media snapshot: users and key social media outlets Social media use profiles - YouTube and Twitter Governing the net Social and political functions of social media Social media uses beyond activism Conclusion Notes References MASS MEDIA DEVELOPMENT IN SOMALIA Introduction Newspapers Radio Television Media education Role of mass media in society Conclusion References INTERNET AND SOCIAL MEDIA DEVELOPMENT IN SOMALIA Introduction The telecommunication sector Main providers and key players Laws and regulations Social and political functions of social media Conclusion References PRESS IN SUDAN: Models, regulatory frameworks, and development Introduction The emergence of the press Press-politics relationship from 1953 to the 2019 uprising Press business models Legal and regulatory frameworks Press freedom in Sudan Future of the Sudanese Press References RADIO AND TELEVISION BROADCASTING IN SUDAN Historical background of radio in Sudan Live and recorded programs Leading public opinion Preserving the national heritage The establishment of Sudanese TV The National Radio and Television Corporation Powers of the board of directors Radio broadcasting as an independent body Administrative development of television Planning and program rounds system Programs percentage Training courses Conclusion References THE SYRIAN PRESS AND ONLINE MEDIA: A driver of Arabism Introduction The beginnings After Baath Post-2011 uprising News agencies New media - from prohibitions to chaos Conclusion Notes References THE “SOFT” POWER OF SYRIAN BROADCASTING Introduction The voice of Arabism The 2011 uprising and the fragmentation of Syrian media Syrian drama - the hallmark of Syrian broadcasting The transformation of the drama production Drama as a tool of soft power Conclusion Note References PRESS IN TUNISIA: From French colonization to post-revolution era Introduction Early stages of press development Impact of the French colonization on the development of the Tunisian press Post-independence era: Bourguiba and the press Challenges for the newspaper market during the Ben Ali era A transformed newspaper market post-revolution era References BROADCASTING IN TUNISIA FROM INDEPENDENCE TO POST-2011 REVOLUTION ERA Introduction Broadcasting under the rule of Habib Bourguiba (1956-1987)Bourguiba’s long authoritarian rule Media as weapons to harass political opponents Media scene during the Ben Ali Era (1987-2011)Transformation of the broadcasting market post-2011 revolution New challenges in the post-revolution media scene Conclusion References SOCIAL MEDIA NETWORKS AND THE DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION IN TUNISIA: From censorship to freedom Introduction The emergence of the Internet in Tunisia and its transformation into an alternative platform New media amid the Tunisian revolution Social media networks and the democratic transition in Tunisia Will the current legal framework protect free speech on social media?Conclusion References MEDIA IN THE UAE -CREATING A NATIONAL VOICE Introduction Emirati press Emirati broadcasting Media regulations in the UAE The role of national media in reinforcing national identity and economic growth Broadcasting and economic development Conclusion Notes References MEDIA IN YEMEN -NARRATIVES OF POLARIZATION AND FRAGMENTATION Introduction Fragmentation - Yemeni media before 1990 Mobilization - Yemeni media in diaspora Imagined community - media after the 1990 unification Media regulations Yemeni journalists Re-fragmentation - media post-2011 New media in Yemen Conclusion References

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