Note

1 This article is a modified longer version of an earlier article in Finnish by Makiniemi (2016).

References

Baril, G. L., & Wright, J. C. (2012). Different types of moral cognition: Moral stages versus moral foundations. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(4), 468-473.

Bellah, R. N. (1987). Conclusion: Competing visions of the role of religion in American society. In R. N. Bellah & F. E. Greenspahn (Eds.), Uncivil religion: Interreligious hostility in America (pp. 119-232). New York, NY: Crossroad.

Blasi, A. (1990). How should psychologists define morality? Or, the negative side effects of philosophy’s influence on psychology. In T. E. Wren (Ed.), The moral domain: Essays in the ongoing discussion between philosophy and the social sciences (pp. 38—70). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

Commons, M. L. (2008). Introduction to the model of hierarchical complexity and its relationship to postformal action. World Futures, 64(5—7), 305—320.

Commons, M. L., Gane-McCalla, R., Barker, C. D., & Li, E. Y. (2014). The model of hierarchical complexity as a measurement system. Behavioral Development Bulletin, 19(5), 9-14.

Dawson, T. L., & Gabrielian, S. (2003). Developing conceptions of authority and contract across the lifespan: Two perspectives. Developmental Review, 23(2), 162-218.

Fischer, K. W. (1980). A theory of cognitive development: The control and construction of hierarchies of skills. Psychological Review, 87(6), 477-531.

Gert, B. (2015). The definition of morality. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. (Fall 2015 ed.). Retrieved from, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/morality-defmition/

Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women’s development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Glover, R. J., Natesan, P„ Wang, J., Rohr, D., McAfee-Etheridge, L., Booker, D. D.....

Wu, M. (2014). Moral rationality and intuition: An exploration of relationships between the defining issues test and the moral foundations questionnaire. Journal of Moral Education, 43(4), 395-412.

Graham, J., Haidt, J., Koleva, S., Motyl, M„ Iyer, R„ Wojcik, S. P., & Ditto, P. H. (2013). Moral foundations theory: The pragmatic validity of moral pluralism. In P. Devine & A. Plant (Eds.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 47, pp. 55-130). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Academic Press.

Graham, J., Haidt, J., & Nosek, B. A. (2009). Liberals and conservatives rely on different sets of moral foundations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(5), 1029-1046.

Guerra, V. M., & Gincr-Sorolla, R. (2010). The community, autonomy, and divinity scale (CADS): A new tool for the cross-cultural study of morality. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 41(1), 35-50.

Haidt, J., & Joseph, C. (2004). Intuitive ethics: How innately prepared intuitions generate culturally variable virtues. Dcedalus, 133(4), 55—66.

Haidt, J., & Joseph, C. (2007). The moral mind: How five sets of innate intuitions guide the development of many culture-specific virtues, and perhaps even modules. In P. Carruthers, S. Laurence, & S. Stich (Eds.), The innate mind: Foundations and thefuture (Evolution and cognition, Vol. 3, pp. 367-391). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Haidt, J., & Kesebir, S. (2010). Morality. In S. T. Fiske, D. T. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (5th ed.. Vol. 2, pp. 797—832). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Helkama, K. (2009). Moraalipsykologia: Hyviin ja pahan tallii puolen [Moral psychology: This side of good and evil], Helsinki, Finland: Edita.

Iyer, R., Koleva, S., Graham, J., Ditto, P., & Haidt, J. (2012). Understanding libertarian morality: The psychological dispositions of self-identified libertarians. PloS ONE, 7(8), e42366. doi:10.1371/joumal/pone.0042366

Jensen, L. A. (1997). Culture wars: American moral divisions across the adult lifespan. Journal of Adult Development, 4(2), 107—121.

Jensen, L. A. (1998). Moral divisions within countries between orthodoxy and progressivism: India and the United States. Journalfor the Scientific Study of Religion, 37(1), 90—107.

Jensen, L. A. (2000). Conversions across the culture war divide: Two case studies. In M. E. Miller & A. N. West (Eds.), Spirituality, ethics, and relationship in adulthood: Clinical and theoretical explorations (pp. 363—386). Madison, CT: Psychosocial Press.

Jensen, L. A. (2006). Liberal and conservative conceptions of family: A cultural-developmental study. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, /6(4), 253—269.

Jensen, L. A. (2008). Through two lenses: A cultural-developmental approach to moral psychology. Developmental Review, 28(3), 289—315.

Jensen, L. A. (2011). The cultural development of three fundamental moral ethics: Autonomy, community, and divinity. Zygon, 46(1), 150—167.

Jensen, L. A. (2015a). Theorizing and researching moral development in a global world. In L. A. Jensen (Ed.), Moral development in a global world: Research from a cultural-developmental perspective (pp. 1-19). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Jensen, L. A. (2015b). Coding manual: Ethics of autonomy, community, and divinity. In L. A. Jensen (Ed.), Moral development in a global world: Research from a cultural-developmental perspective (pp. 221—235). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Jensen, L. A. (2018). The cultural-developmental approach to moral psychology: Autonomy, community, and divinity across cultures and ages. In M. J. Gelfand, C. Chiu, & Y. Hong (Eds.), Handbook of advances in culture and psychology (Vol. 7, pp. 107—152). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Jensen, L. A., & McKenzie, J. (2016). The moral reasoning of U.S. evangelical and mainline protestant children, adolescents, and adults: A cultural-developmental study. Child Development, 87(3), 446-464.

Jones, T. M. (1991). Ethical decision making by individuals in organizations: An issue-contingent model. The Academy of Management Review, 16(2), 366—395.

Juujarvi, S. (2005). Care and justice in real-life moral reasoning. Journal of Adult Development, 12(4), 199-210.

Kallio, E. (2011). Integrative thinking is the key: An evaluation of current research into the development of adult thinking. Theory & Psychology, 21(6), 785-801.

Kallio, E., & Marchand, H. (2012). An overview of the concepts of change and development: From the premodern to modern era. In P. Tynjala, M.-L. Stenstrom, & M. Saarnivaara (Eds.), Transitions and transformations in learning and education (pp. 21—50). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer.

Kapadia, S., & Bhangaokar, R. (2015). An Indian moral worldview: Developmental patterns in adolescents and adults. In L. A. Jensen (Ed.), Moral development in a global world: Research from a cultural-developmental perspective (pp. 69—91). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Kohlberg, L. (1969). Stage and sequence. In D. A. Goslin (Ed.), Handbook of socialization theory (pp. 347-480). Chicago, IL: Rand McNally.

Kohlberg, L. (1971). From is to ought: How to commit the naturalistic fallacy and get away with it in the study of moral development. New York, NY: Academic Press.

Kohlberg, L. (1984). The psychology of moral development: The nature and validity of moral stages (Essays on moral development, Vol. 2). San Francisco, CA: Harper & Row.

Kohlberg, L., & Armon, C. (1984). Three types of stage models used in the study of adult development. In M. L. Commons, F. A. Richards, & C. Armon (Eds.), Beyond formal operations: Late adolescent and adult cognitive development (pp. 383-394). New York, NY: Praeger.

Kramer, D. A. (1983). Post-formal operations? A need for further conceptualization. Human Development, 26(2), 91—105.

Kugler, M., Jost, J. T., & Noorbaloochi, S. (2014). Another look at moral foundations theory: Do authoritarianism and social dominance orientation explain liberal—Conservative differences in “moral" intuitions? Social Justice Research, 27(4), 413-431.

Lapsley, D., & Carlo, G. (2014). Moral development at the crossroads: New trends and possible futures. Developmental Psychology, 50(1), 1—7.

Lapsley, D., & Narvaez, D. (2005). Moral psychology at the crossroads. In D. K. Lapsley & F. C. Power (Eds.), Character psychology and character education (pp. 18—35). Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.

Lind, G. (1992, April). The measurement of structure: A new approach to assessing affective and cognitive aspects of moral judgment behavior, and findings from research. Paper presented to the Department of Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, New York. Retrieved from www.uni-konstanz.de/ag-moral/pdf/Lind-l 992_MUT-Fordham.pdf

Makiniemi, J. -P. (2016). Moraalin maaritehnan laajentumincn ja moraaliajattelun kehitys [Broadening of definition of moral and development of moral thinking]. In E. Kallio (Ed.), Ajattelun kehitys aikuisuudessa: Kohti moninakokuhnaisuutta, [The development of thinking in adulthood: Towards multiperspective thinking] (Research in Educational Sciences Vol. 71, pp. 183—202). Helsinki, Finland: The Finnish Educational Research Association.

Makiniemi, J.-P., Pirttila-Backman, A.-M., & Pieri, M. (2011). Ethical and unethical food: Social representations among Finnish, Danish and Italian students. Appetite, 56(2), 495-502.

Makiniemi, J.-P., Pirttila-Backman, A.-M., & Pieri, M. (2013). The endorsement of the moral foundations in food-related moral thinking in three European Countries. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 26(4), 771—786.

Maxwell, B., & Narvaez, D. (2013). Moral foundations theory and moral development and education. Journal of Moral Education, 42(3), 271-280.

McAdams, D. P., Albaugh, M., Farber, E., Daniels, J., Logan, R. L„ & Olson, B. (2008). Family metaphors and moral intuitions: How conservatives and liberals narrate their lives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(4), 978-990.

Myyry, L., & Helkama, K. (2001). University students’ value priorities and emotional empathy. Educational Psychology, 21(1), 25-40. doi:10.1080/01443410123128

Myyry, L., & Helkama, K. (2007). Socio-cognitive conflict, emotions and complexity of thought in real-life morality. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 48(3), 247—259.

Piaget, J. (1932). The moral judgment of the child (M. Gabain, Trans.). London, England: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Rakoczy, H., Wandt, R., Thomas, S., Nowak, J., & Kunzmann, U. (2018). Theory of mind and wisdom: The development of different forms of perspective-taking in late adulthood. British Journal of Psychology, 109(1), 6—24.

Rest, J. R., & Narvaez, D. (1994). Moral development in the professions: Psychology and applied ethics. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Shwedcr, R. A. (2003). Why do men barbecue? Recipes for cultural psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Shwedcr, R. A., Haidt, J., Horton, R„ & Joseph, C. (2008). The cultural psychology of the emotions: Ancient and renewed. In M. Lewis, J. M. Haviland-Jones, & L. F. Barrett (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (3rd ed., pp. 409-427). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Shwedcr, R. A., Mahapatra, M., & Miller, J. G. (1987). Culture and moral development. In J. Kagan 8c S. Lamb (Eds.), The emergence of morality in young children (pp. 1—83). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Shwedcr, R. A., Much, N. C., Mahapatra, M., & Park, L. (1997). The “big three" of morality (autonomy, community, divinity) and the “big three” explanations of suffering. In A. M. Brandt & P. Rozin (Eds.), Morality and health (pp. 119-169). New York, NY: Routledge.

Skitka, L. J. (2010). The psychology of moral conviction. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4(4), 267-281.

Suedfcld, P., Tctlock, P. E., & Strcufert, S. (1992). Conceptual/integrative complexity. In C. P. Smith, J. W. Atkinson, D. C. McClelland, & J. Veroff (Eds.), Motivation and personality: Handbook of thematic content analysis (pp. 393—400). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Suhler, C. L., & Churchland, P. (2011). Can innate, modular “foundations” explain morality? Challenges for Haidt’s moral foundations theory. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(9), 2103-2116.

Sverdlik, N., Roccas, S., & Sagiv, L. (2012). Morality across cultures: A value perspective. In M. Mikulincer & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), The social psychology of morality: Exploring the causes of good and evil (pp. 219-235). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Turiel, E. (1983). The development of social knowledge: Morality and convention. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Vainio, A. (2003). One morality — or multiple moralities? Religious ideology, conceptions of morality and rule systems of Finnish Evangelical Lutheran, Conservative Laestadian and nonreligious adolescents (Doctoral dissertation, University of Helsinki, Department of Social Psychology, Helsinki, Finland).

Vainio, A. (2005). Moraalipsykologisia nakokulmia moraalin muutokseen ja vaihteluun. (Moral psychology perspectives on morals-related changes and variation]. In A.-M. Pirttila-Backnian, M. Ahokas, L. Myyry, & S. Lahteenoja (Eds.), Arvot, moraali ja yhteiskunta: Sosiaa-lipsykologisia nakokulmia yhteiskumian muutokseen [Values, morals and society: Social psychology perspectives on social change] (pp. 145-166). Helsinki, Finland: Gaudeamus.

Vainio, A. (2011). Religious conviction, morality and social convention among Finnish adolescents. Journal of Moral Education, 40(1), 73—87.

Vainio, A. (2015). Finnish moral landscapes: A comparison of nonreligious, liberal religious and conservative religious adolescents. In L. A. Jensen (Ed.), Moral development in a global world: Research from a cultural-developmental perspective (pp. 46—68). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Vainio, A., Sc Màkiniemi, J.-P. (2016). How are moral foundations associated with climate-friendly consumption? Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 29(2), 265-283.

van Leeuwen, F., & Park, J. H. (2009). Perceptions of social dangers, moral foundations, and political orientation. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(3), 169—173.

Vartiainen, T., Siponen, M., & Myyry, L. (2011). The effects of teaching the universality thesis on students’ integrative complexity of thought. Journal of Information Systems Education, 22(3), 261-270.

Vasquez, K., Keltner, D., Ebenbach, D. H., & Banaszynski, T. L. (2001). Cultural variation and similarity in moral rhetorics. Voices from Philippines and the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32(1 ), 93—120.

Weber, C. Ik., & Federico, С. M. (2013). Moral foundations and heterogeneity' in ideological preferences. Political Psychology, 34(1), 107—126.