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A Handbook of Visual Methods in Psychology: Using and Interpreting Images in Qualitative Research

Background Multi-modal accounts Aims of the volume Organisation of the volume The chapters I: Static media: the use of photography in qualitative research II: Dynamic features: social media, film and video in qualitative research III: Shared visions: opening up researcher-participant dialogues in the community and beyond IV: Ethical, analytical and methodological reflections on visual research Summary References THE RETURN TO EXPERIENCE: Psychology and the visual The visual has always been there: an (in)visible history of continuity in psychology'?Qualitative research in psychology: experience, discourse and visual myopia Why qualitative psychology could use visual approaches: the potential for multi-modal approaches Situating and feeling experience: multi-modal perspectives The rise of affect and emotion in qualitative research: being ‘seized’Emotions evoked and engaged through the visual Viewing experience from the perspective of time and space Increasing participation Summary Notes References I Static media: The use of photography in qualitative research IMAGE AND IMAGINATION Good images and bad pictures Respondents become photographers Conclusion Note References BEND IT LIKE BECKHAM?: The challenges of reading gender and visual culture Introduction In a world ordered by sexual difference...Reading the shift Beyond ‘sixpack advertising’? When Armani met Beckham New trends Conclusion Note References USING PHOTOGRAPHS TO EXPLORE THE EMBODIMENT OF PLEASURE IN EVERYDAY LIFE ‘The body’ and embodied experience Exploring embodied experience through photographic images The use of pre-existing photographs: remembering the embodiment of time and place Participant photo-production: experiencing pleasure in space Reflections on the use of photographs in capturing embodied experience Concluding comments References NARRATING BIOGRAPHICAL DISRUPTION AND REPAIR: Exploring the place of absent images in women’s experiences of cancer and chemotherapy The study Creating memories Engendering forgetting Notes References USING PHOTOGRAPHS OF PLACES, SPACES AND OBJECTS TO EXPLORE SOUTH ASIAN WOMEN’S EXPERIENCE OF CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS AND MARRIAGE Theoretical framework The current research Study 1 - Images and life histories: photo-elicitation Study 2 - Taking photos to depict marriage: photo-production Discussion Note References REFLECTIONS ON A PHOTO-PRODUCTION STUDY: Practical, analytic and epistemic issues Introduction First mode - The practicalities of visual research Second mode - Analysis of the corpus Third mode - The epistemics of the ‘unravelled calligram’Conclusion References II Dynamic features: Social media, film and video in qualitative research MENTAL HEALTH APPS, SELF-TRACKING AND THE VISUAL Introduction Self-tracking in apps Rize This study Analysis Synchronising the body and the app Self-tracking and affectivity Seeing ourselves in apps Concluding comments References THE VISUAL IN PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND CHILD WITNESS PRACTICE Introduction Child witnesses and the visual in legal practice Video technology in child witness practice in England and Wales Video and total visibility Video and integrity Video and time The visible and the articulable in research and legal practice Visual psychologies: a theoretical outlook Conclusion Notes References THE VIDEO-CAMERA AS A CULTURAL OBJECT: The presence of (an)other Introduction Methodological approach Data extract examples Extract 1: Child age 1 year 5 months Extract 2: Child age 2 years 8 months Extract 3: Child age 2 years 11 months Extract 4: Child age 3 years 3 months Concluding comments Appendix 1 Conversation analysis orthography References GIRLS ON FILM: Video diaries as ‘autoethnographies’Birth of a video diaries project From academe to television The inevitable limitations of expression and visibility Video diaries as autoethnographies Inauthentic subjectivities: using video diaries in a study of class and femininity Conclusions: the value of the video diary within social research References VISUAL IDENTITIES: Choreographies of gaze, body movement and speech and ‘ways of knowing’ in mother-midwife interaction Introduction The research context: mothers, midwives and ways of knowing Research questions and methods Transcription and analysis The camera never lies? Video-based methods and reflexivity ‘Just the facts’: birth stories, emotional asymmetries and institutional priorities Summary and conclusion References Transcription notation METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR VISUAL RESEARCH ON INSTAGRAM Collecting visual data on Instagram Analyzing visual data on Instagram The site of image production The site of the image itself The site of the image’s audience A case study of bodybuilders on Instagram Visual narrative inquiry into bodybuilders on Instagram Data collection Analysis Conclusions References THE BIG PICTURE: Using visual methods to explore online photo sharing and gender in digital space Introduction Women and the age of digital narcissism Psychology and personality research Visual methods and online photo sharing Methodology Photo-elicitation interviews Online data collection #Mothersday Processual selfie completion Concluding remarks References III Shared visions: Opening up researcher-participant dialogues in the community and beyond VISUALISING MENTAL HEALTH WITH AN LGBT COMMUNITY GROUP: Method, process, (affect) theory Researching LGBT mental health in a community setting Photography, ‘photo-elicitation’ and the ‘photovoice’ method Aims Method and process The photographic exhibition: representing data Constructing an analytic approach Embodied representations of affective states Weight gain and medication Support and emotional connections Audience engagement with the exhibition Witnessing, wit(h)nessing and social activism: some theoretical reflections on the transformative possibilities of participatory visual methodologies Conclusion Acknowledgements Note References IMAGERY AND ASSOCIATION IN A GROUP-BASED METHOD: The visual matrix Introduction Overview of visual matrix process Applications of the visual matrix The idle women visual matrix Context and stimulus Pace and affective climate of the matrix Inter-twining of personal and regional histories of loss Cross-generational experience Ambivalence and personal confidence Connection with nature Personal and collective creativity Visual matrix interpretation Interpretation protocol Experience-near recall First-pass interpretation (mainly substantive): what was presented?Second-pass analysis (mainly performative): how was it presented (or avoided)?Third-pass analysis (mainly explanatory): why was it presented thus?Working with imagery through language Last word: limitations and ethical considerations Acknowledgements Notes References WORKING WITH GROUP-LEVEL DATA IN PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH: A modified visual matrix method Introduction The challenge of group-level analysis in phenomenology The visual matrix method The film project and evaluation methodology Rethinking the visual matrix method Re-imagining the dream space An existential phenomenological analysis of the visual matrix The existential dimensions of the visual matrix Conclusions Note References RISK COMMUNICATION AND PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH: ‘Fuzzy-felt’, visual games and group discussion of complex issues Introduction Case study Potential of visual methods Development of the ‘fuzzy-felt method’Interpretation and analysis Discussion Notes References PICTURING THE FIELD: Social action research, psychoanalytic theory, and documentary filmmaking The project Premises Processes Products Conclusions References MOVING FROM SOCIAL NETWORKS TO VISUAL METAPHORS WITH THE RELATIONAL MAPPING INTERVIEW: An example in early psychosis Visual imagery as experiential research Exploring relational experience through drawings The Relational Mapping Interview The interview arc: touchstones for navigating the relational world of the participant The draw-talk-draw-talk process as a way of getting experience-near Mapping the self Mapping others Standing back Considering change Why analyse drawings? A framework for an interpretative experiential analysis The talk-draw-talk-draw process: supporting narrative integration at a metaphorical level Conclusions Acknowledgements Note References Appendices BUILDING VISUAL WORLDS: Maps as a tool for exploring located experience Map making and qualitative research in psychology Empirical material Study 1: emotion mapping in intentional communities Study 2: drawing maps to explore distress Analytical approaches Building visual worlds: insights from using mapping in qualitative research Making materiality visible: maps as a tool to articulate and explore material subjectivities Map making as a process and a product: possibilities and pitfalls Maps as a tool to locate and layer experiences Using participatory mapping in psychology References TOWARDS A VISUAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF IDENTITY AND REPRESENTATION: Photographing the self, weaving the family in a multicultural British community Using visual methods to explore identity Interpreting images: connections between representation, identity and power Representations as the building blocks of identity The psychological violence of representation The creative possibilities produced in ‘doing’ identity The power of collaboration and collective identities Towards a visual social psychology of identity and representation Acknowledgements Notes References ‘I DIDN’T KNOW THAT I COULD FEEL THIS RELAXED IN MY BODY’: Using visual methods to research bisexual people’s embodied experiences of subjectivity and space Introduction The research context Research aims Methods Analysis Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgements Note References TRAVELLING ALONG ‘RIVERS OF EXPERIENCE’: Personal construct psychology and visual metaphors in research Seeking embodied knowledge and swimming along a river of questions Big ideas from a small (theoretical) island: a whistlestop tour of PCP Wading through many waters: exploring the rivers of experience Swept away from the rapids of research: rivers as teaching and clinical tools Ripples and reflections References PSYCHOGEOGRAPHY AND THE STUDY OF SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTS: Extending visual methodological research in psychology Introduction Methodological resources: situationism and critical psychology Situationist methods in practice The autoethnographical narrative account of the dérive: memorial space at Ground Zero Governance of place through Ground Zero Analysis of map 1: downtown Manhattan Conclusions Note References TRIBAL GATHERINGS: Using art to disseminate research on club culture Processes and production Practicality check list Performance and post-script Notes References SOMETIMES ALL THE LIGHTS GO OUT IN MY HEAD: Creating Blackout, the multi-sensory immersive experience of bipolar II Introduction Blackout: developing the concept Immersive and intense experience A day in the life Empathy for a loved one Giving voice and relating Reflecting on Blackout References IV Ethical, analytical and methodological reflections on visual research THE PHOTO-ELICITATION INTERVIEW AS A MULTIMODAL SITE FOR REFLEXIVITY Introduction On studying photographs and photography The interview as multimodal, social and material encounter On “elicitation”Going forward with visual methods in psychology Conclusion Notes References IMAGE-BASED METHODOLOGY IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY IN BRAZIL: Perspectives and possibilities Introduction The use of images in Brazil: some perspectives Image, action and intervention: some possibilities Image-based research and social aesthetics Conclusion Acknowledgements References IMPRESSIONIST REFLECTIONS ON VISUAL RESEARCH IN COMMUNITY RESEARCH AND ACTION Considering photo-voice Considering the picturing process Discussion Note References POLYTEXTUAL THEMATIC ANALYSIS FOR VISUAL DATA: Analysing visual images Psychology' needs to analyse the visual An attempt to analyse photographic portraits There are only so many things that you can do with data Getting a broad understanding of patterns in data Illustrating polytextual thematic analysis: the analytic process The analysis Sampling strategy The “analytic”Presenting results An illustration - learning disability in spectacular form Gender-neutral Hyper-masculinity Hyper-femininity In love Sexual assertiveness Workplace Aggression Interpretation Last word Notes References ‘SO YOU THINK WE’VE MOVED, CHANGED, THE REPRESENTATION GOT MORE WHAT?’: Methodological and analytical reflections on visual (photo-elicitation) methods used in the men-as-fathers study Note on the second edition Why research the visual?Working with visual methods in the men-as-fathers study Collage The temporal sequence (visual narrative)Using personal photographs Our use of visual methods beyond the men-as-fathers project Concluding remarks Notes References ON UTILISING A VISUAL METHODOLOGY: Shared reflections and tensions Visual methods in social sciences Reflexivity in visual methods The current project Mapping power, reflexivity and ethics Power dynamics in research Academic practice and its constraints Ongoing work relationships Impact of audience on the composition of photographs Inclusion of members’ reflection on the process Questions around self-reflection in the use of photographs Confidentiality and anonymity Conclusions Notes References

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