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Sustainable Urban Tourism in Sub-Saharan Africa: Risk and Resilience

Urban risk and tourism in Africa An overview Introduction Contextualising urbanisation, urban risk and tourism Urban risk and tourism in sub-Saharan Africa: The state of knowledge The knowledge gap on urban risk and urban tourism Structure of the book References Theme 1: Urban tourism and environmental pollution risks Examining ‘toxic tourism’ as a new form of alternative urban tourism and environmental justice The case of the South Durban Industrial Basin, South Africa Introduction Linking toxic tourism to township tourism for environmental justice Environmental justice and toxic tourism in South Durban Methodology Results Discussion, conclusion and recommendations Notes References Waste management and urban risk in Livingstone City, Zambia The sustainability of the hospitality sector Introduction Sustainability and tourism Tourism activities and tourism waste Methodological underpinnings Study setting Research approach, data collection and analysis Results and discussion Waste management in Livingstone Disposal of waste by the hospitality sector Accommodation waste from toiletries and cleaning agents Furniture and linen Food and beverage Plastic bags, styrofoam, tetra packs and office waste Challenges of waste recycling Moving towards reduced urban risk for sustainable urban tourism in Zambia Conclusions Note References The political economy of unplanned urban sprawl, waste and tourism development in Ghana Introduction Political economy of urban sprawl Waste management risks and tourism Urban waste and tourism development Conclusions Notes References Environmental risk management and township tourism development in Alexandra, Johannesburg, South Africa Introduction Exploring environmental risks in Alexandra The relationship between urbanisation, environmental risk management and township tourism Research method and design Results Competing land use: Housing or tourism businesses The risk of waste on township tourism Environmental risk management and township tourism development Discussion and conclusion References Theme 2: Peace tourism, battlefields and war risks Mega sports events and urban risks 2010 FIFA World Cup, the African bid and xenophobic violence Introduction “African” World Cup May 2008 xenophobic attacks The mega event and xenophobic threats The government response Conclusion Notes References Election risk and urban tourism in sub-Saharan African cities Exploring peace through tourism in Harare, Zimbabwe Introduction The nexus between peace and tourism Methodology Cities, peace and tourism Zimbabwe crisis, Harare and peace Moving towards peace tourism in Harare Human rights and the rule of law Peace museum in Harare Peace music concerts Liberation routes Conclusions References The role of responsible tourism in peace-building and social inclusion in war-risk cities Evidence from Goma, Democratic Republic of Congo Introduction The nexus between responsible tourism, peace-building and social inclusion Methodology Understanding urban tourism in Goma The potential of urban tourism in Goma The challenges of responsible tourism in Goma Resilience of urban tourism in an economy of crises Moving towards responsible urban tourism in Goma A responsible tourism for peace-building and social inclusion Safe haven due to peacekeeping and humanitarian presence Replacement of a mineral-trafficking economy with a legal, diversified economy Recommendations for Africa Conclusion References Theme 3: Tourism, climate change and flood risks Factors influencing tourism accommodations’ lack of preparedness for flooding in Lagos, Nigeria Introduction Flooding in tourist accommodations: Impacts and preparedness Study areas and methodology Snapshot of Lagos State Methodology Results Tourism and urban development in Lagos Factors undermining tourism establishments from preparing for flooding Historical narratives Lack of human and financial capital Failure to utilise nonstructural measures Lack of cohesion among tourist accommodation operators Conclusion and recommendations References Climate change impacts and adaptation strategies for tourism hotspots Mombasa and Cape Town Introduction Interconnections between climate and tourism Tourism and climate trends: Mombasa, Kenya Policy context Tourism and climate trends: Cape Town, South Africa Policy context Analysing policy integration and mainstreaming Conclusion References Risk of floods impacting tourism in the coastal cities of West Africa A case study of Accra, Ghana Introduction Impact of floods and urban tourism Description of study site Research methods Results and discussion Overview of flood disaster events in Accra Urban tourism resources at risk of flood disasters in Accra Direct and indirect impact of floods on tourism Management of urban tourism flood risk and challenges Implications of flood risks for future urban tourism Conclusions and recommendations References The nexus of climate change and urban tourism in South Africa Triaging challenges and optimising opportunities Introduction Tourism, environment and human society Profile of South Africa’s tourism sector Study setting Methodology Research design Case study Literature review as a methodological approach Data interpretation Results and discussion Threats and adaptation strategies Rising temperatures and beach tourism Drought in Cape Town Sanitation and health Powering urban tourism with alternative energy Storms and fires Opportunities Conclusion References Theme 4: Inclusive urban tourism and enclaves Human settlements and tourism development in Kenya: Prospects for tackling urban risks in informal settlements Introduction Informal settlements, urban risk and tourism Methodology Kenya’s policy and strategy on informal settlements Informal settlements, urban risks and tourism in Kenya Conclusion Notes References Conservation tourism challenges and opportunities on the Cape Flats, South Africa Introduction Background Conservation through a political ecology lens Conservation tourism in Cape Town: Urban resilience and risk Recent conservation legislation and SDGs The Cape Flats: Four case studies Driftsands Nature Reserve Macassar Dunes Conservation Area Wolfgat Nature Reserve Edith Stephens Wetland Park Methodology Findings Risk factors and resilience factors Key spatial variables Tourism value Location Accessibility Association Discussion: Turning risk into resilience Conclusion References Resilience, inclusiveness and challenges of cosmopolitan cities’ heritage tourism The case of the balancing rocks in Epworth, Harare Introduction Overview of urban heritage tourism Urban heritage tourism and an adaptive management approach Geo study site – Chiremba balancing rocks (CBRs)Methods Results and discussion Resilience of urban heritage tourism amid socioeconomic and political headwinds Inclusion of urban communities in urban heritage tourism Multifaceted challenges confronting the CBRs as an urban heritage tourism site Breakdown of a social service delivery’ system Traffic congestion Littering, site graffiti and vandalisation of the perimeter fence at the CBRs Covert conflict in the use of urban spaces and resources Lack of tourism amenities Future prospects and intervening restorative mechanisms Conclusion and recommendations References Prospects and challenges of sustainable urban tourism in Windhoek Poverty, inequality and urban risks linkages Intoduction The links between tourism, poverty and inequality reduction Fundamentals of urban risk, tourism development and resilience in SSA Study context and methods Findings The prospects and challenges of urban tourism development in Windhoek Prospects for urban tourism development Progress made and remaining challenges in urban tourism development Conclusion and recommendations Note References Conclusion: Navigating urban tourism amidst environmental, political and social risks Snapshot The future of sustainable urban tourism in sub-Saharan Africa References

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Urban risk and tourism in Africa An overview