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Modern biotechnology : defining and solving human problems

WHAT IS BIOTECHNOLOGY?BIOTECHNOLOGY IS INHERENTLY INTERDISCIPLINARY BIOTECHNOLOGY IS MISUNDERSTOOD MILESTONES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN Biotechnology EARLY BIOTECHNOLOGY THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF REVOLUTIONARY BIOTECHNOLOGIES Recombinant DNA Technologies—Advent of Gene Cloning and Genetically Modified Organisms DNA Sequencing—Advent of the Genomics Era Organismal Cloning—Advent of Stem Cell and Transgenic Animal Biotechnologies CRISPR—Revolutionizing Genome Editing WICKED PROBLEMS THE NATURE OF WICKED PROBLEMS THE NATURE OF SYSTEMS BRIEF SUMMARY Biological Foundations BIOLOGICAL PARTS MEMBRANES AND OVERALL CELLULAR STRUCTURE INFORMATION FLOW WITHIN CELLS Central Dogma and Biological Exceptions Protein Production in Prokaryotes Versus Eukaryotes Gene Regulation Exceptions to the Central Dogma of Biology PROTEINS AS MOLECULAR MACHINES Functional Protein Categories Protein Structure STEM CELLS Naturally Occurring Stem Cells Artificially Derived Stem Cells MODERN TOOLS OF THE TRADE MAKING DNA—POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGIES AND GENE CLONING Molecular Construction of Recombinant Plasmids Transformation and Selection of Recombinant Bacterial Clones CRISPR/Cas9 DNA SEQUENCING Traditional Terminator Sequencing Sequencing-by-Synthesis IDENTIFYING SPECIFIC BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES Identifying DNA Sequences Identifying Transcripts Identifying Proteins THE ‘OMIC TECHNOLOGIES Genomics, Transcriptomics, and Proteomics Interplay between Reductionist and Holistic Approaches BIOINFORMATICS AND COMPUTER MODELING DNA and Protein Repositories and Associated Tools Computer Modeling of Systems BRIEF SUMMARY Disease THE PROBLEM: DISEASE KINDS OF DISEASE Infectious Disease Simple Genetic Disorders and Complex Multifactorial Diseases THE ROLE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN UNDERSTANDING DISEASE CAUSATION A Systems Approach to Understanding Disease Causation BETTER MEDICAL INTERVENTIONS MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS Diagnostic Development Signal Versus Target Amplification THERAPEUTICS Enhancing Efficacy and Decreasing Toxicity Purified Recombinant Proteins Monoclonal Antibodies Gene Therapy Regenerative Medicine: Cell and Tissue Replacement Biotechnology in Drug Discovery DISEASE PREVENTION Principles of Immune Responses and Vaccination Passive Vaccination Whole Cell Vaccines Acellular Subunit Vaccines Vaccine Development Biological Challenges to Vaccine Development BRIEF SUMMARY Food Production THE PROBLEM: FOOD PRODUCTION CURRENT AND FUTURE FOOD DEMANDS Modern Industrialized Agriculture A Case for Biotechnology in Agriculture SAFER FOODS BIOSENSORS Disease-Resistant Animals BETTER CROPS AND LIVESTOCK USE OF TRANSGENICS IN AGRICULTURE Creating Transgenic Crops Creating Transgenic Animals BRIEF SUMMARY Environmental Degradation THE PROBLEM: POLLUTION BETTER ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING BIOREPORTERS BETTER ENVIRONMENTAL CLEAN-UP MICROBIAL BIOREMEDIATION PHYTOREMEDIATION BETTER LIQUID FUELS THE NEED FOR BIOFUELS BIOETHANOL BIODIESEL BRIEF SUMMARY DEFINING AND SOLVING PROBLEMS UNIFYING TOOLS AND STRATEGIES ACTUALIZING BIOTECHNOLOGY’S POTENTIAL TRUST-BUILDING IN THE PUBLIC SPHERE INTERDISCIPLINARY COLLABORATION Overcoming Barriers to Interdisciplinarity BRIEF SUMMARY

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