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Modern biotechnology : defining and solving human problems
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Modern biotechnology : defining and solving human problems
WHAT IS BIOTECHNOLOGY?
BIOTECHNOLOGY IS INHERENTLY INTERDISCIPLINARY
BIOTECHNOLOGY IS MISUNDERSTOOD
MILESTONES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN Biotechnology
EARLY BIOTECHNOLOGY
THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF REVOLUTIONARY BIOTECHNOLOGIES
Recombinant DNA Technologies—Advent of Gene Cloning and Genetically Modified Organisms
DNA Sequencing—Advent of the Genomics Era
Organismal Cloning—Advent of Stem Cell and Transgenic Animal Biotechnologies
CRISPR—Revolutionizing Genome Editing
WICKED PROBLEMS
THE NATURE OF WICKED PROBLEMS
THE NATURE OF SYSTEMS
BRIEF SUMMARY
Biological Foundations
BIOLOGICAL PARTS
MEMBRANES AND OVERALL CELLULAR STRUCTURE
INFORMATION FLOW WITHIN CELLS
Central Dogma and Biological Exceptions
Protein Production in Prokaryotes Versus Eukaryotes
Gene Regulation
Exceptions to the Central Dogma of Biology
PROTEINS AS MOLECULAR MACHINES
Functional Protein Categories
Protein Structure
STEM CELLS
Naturally Occurring Stem Cells
Artificially Derived Stem Cells
MODERN TOOLS OF THE TRADE
MAKING DNA—POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS
RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGIES AND GENE CLONING
Molecular Construction of Recombinant Plasmids
Transformation and Selection of Recombinant Bacterial Clones
CRISPR/Cas9
DNA SEQUENCING
Traditional Terminator Sequencing
Sequencing-by-Synthesis
IDENTIFYING SPECIFIC BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
Identifying DNA Sequences
Identifying Transcripts
Identifying Proteins
THE ‘OMIC TECHNOLOGIES
Genomics, Transcriptomics, and Proteomics
Interplay between Reductionist and Holistic Approaches
BIOINFORMATICS AND COMPUTER MODELING
DNA and Protein Repositories and Associated Tools
Computer Modeling of Systems
BRIEF SUMMARY
Disease
THE PROBLEM: DISEASE
KINDS OF DISEASE
Infectious Disease
Simple Genetic Disorders and Complex Multifactorial Diseases
THE ROLE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN UNDERSTANDING DISEASE CAUSATION
A Systems Approach to Understanding Disease Causation
BETTER MEDICAL INTERVENTIONS
MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS
Diagnostic Development
Signal Versus Target Amplification
THERAPEUTICS
Enhancing Efficacy and Decreasing Toxicity
Purified Recombinant Proteins
Monoclonal Antibodies
Gene Therapy
Regenerative Medicine: Cell and Tissue Replacement
Biotechnology in Drug Discovery
DISEASE PREVENTION
Principles of Immune Responses and Vaccination
Passive Vaccination
Whole Cell Vaccines
Acellular Subunit Vaccines
Vaccine Development
Biological Challenges to Vaccine Development
BRIEF SUMMARY
Food Production
THE PROBLEM: FOOD PRODUCTION
CURRENT AND FUTURE FOOD DEMANDS
Modern Industrialized Agriculture
A Case for Biotechnology in Agriculture
SAFER FOODS
BIOSENSORS
Disease-Resistant Animals
BETTER CROPS AND LIVESTOCK
USE OF TRANSGENICS IN AGRICULTURE
Creating Transgenic Crops
Creating Transgenic Animals
BRIEF SUMMARY
Environmental Degradation
THE PROBLEM: POLLUTION
BETTER ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
BIOREPORTERS
BETTER ENVIRONMENTAL CLEAN-UP
MICROBIAL BIOREMEDIATION
PHYTOREMEDIATION
BETTER LIQUID FUELS
THE NEED FOR BIOFUELS
BIOETHANOL
BIODIESEL
BRIEF SUMMARY
DEFINING AND SOLVING PROBLEMS
UNIFYING TOOLS AND STRATEGIES
ACTUALIZING BIOTECHNOLOGY’S POTENTIAL
TRUST-BUILDING IN THE PUBLIC SPHERE
INTERDISCIPLINARY COLLABORATION
Overcoming Barriers to Interdisciplinarity
BRIEF SUMMARY
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