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The Arc of Life: Evolution and Health Across the Life Course

Introduction Brief Overview of Life History Theory Human and Primate Life History and Reproductive Strategies Cultural and Epidemiological Shift Health in Evolutionary Perspective Contributions from Biological Anthropology References Intergenerational Memories of Past Nutritional Deprivation: The Phenotypic Inertia Model Introduction Intergenerational Effects and the Human Adaptability Framework Developmental Plasticity as a Means of Adaptation The Phenotypic Inertia Model Mechanisms of Intergenerational Phenotypic Inertia Why Do Some Nutritional Interventions Fail?References Modeling Developmental Plasticity in Human Growth: Buffering the Past or Predicting the Future?Introduction Developmental Plasticity as Information Processing The Rationale of the Model The Basie Model Simple Smoothing Long-Term Ecological Trends Generational Effects Buffering Extreme Events Predicting the Future Discussion References Development of Human Sociosexual Behavior The Evolution of Human Subadulthood, Learning and Play Nonhuman Primate Sociosexual Patterns Patterns of Human Sociosexual Development Development of Sociosexual Behavior Synthesis and Conclusion Study Questions References Evolutionary Perspectives on Teen Motherhood: How Young Is Too Young?Introduction Clinical Overview Female Reproductive Maturation Variation in Age at First Birth Life History Framework Pume Case Study Study Population Data Collection Main Variables Fertility and Mortality Age at First Birth Consequences of Age at First Birth on Infant Mortality and Lifetime Fertility Discussion Childbearing Versus Childrearing Developed Societies Implications Conclusion References Health, Evolution, and Reproductive Strategies in Men: New Hypotheses and Directions Introduction: Health and Male Reproduction Male Health and Reproductive Maturation Health and Fatherhood Male Reproductive Effort and Cancer Aging, Health, and Reproductive Options Men’s Health and Reproductive Effort: New Directions Summary Study Questions References Immunity, Hormones, and Life History Trade-Offs Trade-Offs and Hormones Trade-Offs and Immunity Testosterone and Immunity Dehydroepiandrosterone and Immunity Estrogen and Immunity Costs and Benefits of Hormone Therapy and Supplementation Summary References Thyroid Disorders at Midlife: An Evolutionary Perspective Introduction Thyroid Function and Dysfunction Thyroid Hormone Synthesis Thyroid Hormone Regulation Thyroid Dysfunction Thyroid Function During Pregnancy Thyroid Dysfunction Associated with Pregnancy Postpartum Thyroid Disorders Post-reproductive Thyroid Disorders Iodine Deficiency Iodine Excess Conclusion References Women’s Health in the Post-menopausal Age Introduction Biogerontology “Extreme Aging”Ancestral Life spans in Perspective The Female Longevity Paradox Menopause Endocrine Pleiotropy Human Menopause in Comparative Context Estrogen and Health Surviving into the Gray Zone Windows of Opportunity References Costs of Reproduction, Health, and Life Span in Women The Principle of Allocation Energetic Costs of Menstrual Cycle and Pregnancy Costs of Lactation and Childcare The Intergenerational Costs: Children and Grandchildren Reproductive Costs and the Overall Energy Budgets Reproduction and Life Span Reproduction and Health: Obesity, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Osteoporosis Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes, and Obesity Bone Density and Osteoporosis Reproduction and Risks of Reproductive Cancers Genetic Trade-Offs Between Reproduction and Life Span When Does Reproduction Reduce Life Span?Study Questions References From Novel to Extreme: Contemporary Environments and Physiologic Dysfunction Introduction Hypoxia Adaptive Physiology at Sea Level Acute Mountain Sickness Acclimatization as Deterioration Corrupted Signals Chronic Illness Metabolic Dysfunction Glycogen Stasis Glucose Overload Compensatory Hazards Clinical Manifestations and Systemic Effects Cardiovascular Health Brain Health Conclusion References

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