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Alternative Tourism in Turkey: Role, Potential Development and Sustainability
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Alternative Tourism in Turkey: Role, Potential Development and Sustainability
I Setting the Context
Globalization, Mass Tourism, and Sustainable Development
Introduction
Mass Tourism
Tourism and Globalization
Technology
Economic factors.
Political factors.
Cultural factors.
Environmental factors.
Sustainable Development, Sustainability and Sustainable Tourism
Introducing the Chapters in Part I
References
History of Tourism Development in Turkey
Introduction
Earlier Attempts of Tourism Development
Tourism Development During the Planned Era
Governance, Mass Tourism, and Sustainability
Conclusion
References
Tourism and Sustainability in Turkey: Negative Impact of Mass Tourism Development
Introduction
Environmental Problems
Water Consumption
Water Pollution
Impact on Coastal Ecosystems
Overconsumption of Other Resources
Air, Ground, and Noise Pollution
Social Problems
Cultural Impact of Mass Tourism Development
Economic Benefits Are Fewer Than Claimed
Discussion and Conclusions
References
II Introducing Alternative Tourism
Alternative Tourism: Definition and Characteristics
Introduction
Possible Solutions to Solve the Problems Created by Mass Tourism
Alternative Tourism
Alternative Tourism in Turkey
Introducing the Case Studies
References
Nature-Based Tourism in Turkey: The Yayla in Turkey’s Eastern Black Sea Region
Introduction
Global and Turkish Nature-Based Tourism
Socio-economic Features of the Black Sea Region
Case Study I: Ayder Yayla
Case Study II: The Kackar Yayla
Conclusion and Suggestions
References
Geotourism in Turkey
Introduction
Introducing Turkey
Geotourism Development in Turkey and Its Issues
Turkey’s Geotourism Resources
Mountain Areas
Volcanic Features
Water Features
Other Features
National Parks
Conclusions
References
Between Traditional and Modern: Thermal Tourism in Turkey
Introduction
Conceptual Framework
Thermal Tourism in the World
Thermal Tourism in Turkey
The Past and Present of Thermal Tourism in Turkey
The Supply and Demand for Thermal Tourism in Turkey
The Future of Thermal Tourism in Turkey
Conclusion
References
Great Potential of the Colourful Cultural Heritage of Turkey: Ethnic Tourism
Introduction
Historical Background to the Connections of Ethnic Tourism
Minorities and Chief Ethnic and Subcultural Groups in the Ethnic Tourism of Turkey Today
Main Attractions of Ethnic Tourism
Migration-Related Ethnic Origin Visits and Meetings in Turkey
Visits by the Exchanged Rums
Visits by Jews
Visits by Armenians
Visits by White Russians
Visits by Pomaks
Visits to Relatives
Festivals and Events as Destinations for Ethnic Tourism
Events of Romanies
Kakava Festivals
Ahirkapi Hidrellez Festival
Camel Wrestling Festivals of Yuruks
Places in Which Ethnic and Cultural Characteristics Provide Attractiveness in Tourism
Macahel (Artvin)
The Taurus Mountains and the Kaz Mountains
Conclusion
References
Festivals as a Short-Duration Tourism Attraction in Turkey
A Review of Events and Festivals
A Contemporary Approach to Festivals
An Overlook to Festivals in Turkey
Conclusion
References
Religious Tourism in Turkey
Introduction
Literature
Pilgrimage and Religious Tourism
Motivations of Religious Tourists
Religious Tourism Market
Religious Tourism Potential in Turkey
Sacred Places for Christianity
Sacred Places for Islam
Sacred Places for Judaism
Conclusion and Recommendations
References
Dark Tourism and Its Potential in Turkey
Introduction
Dark Tourism Definitions
The Scope and Perspectives of Dark Tourism
Types of Dark Tourism
Visitor Motivations Driving Dark Tourism
Dark Tourism Potential of Turkey
Sinop Prison Museum, Sinop
Gallipoli: Cemeteries, Qanakkale
The August 17, 1999 Earthquake and Culture Museum, Adapazari
Dolmabahge Palace, Istanbul
Anitkabir Atattirk Mausoleum and Museum, Ankara
Ulucanlar Prison Museum, Ankara
Dumlupinar Martyrdom, Ktitahya
State Cemetery Museum, Ankara
Sakarya Martyrs Victory Monument and Museum, Sakarya
Conclusion
References
Medical Tourism
Medical Tourism: What Is and What Is Not?
General Overview on Medical Tourism in the World
What Is the Current State of Development in Turkey?
What Is the Potential for Further Development in the Future?
Challenges
Conclusion
References
Shopping and Tourism in Turkey: The Perfect Combination
Introduction
Tourism and Shopping
Shopping Tourism in Turkey
Cross-Border Shopping Tourism in Turkey
Traditional Shopping Centers
Modern Shopping Centers
High Street Shopping
Mall Tourism
Shopping Festivals
Tourists from the Middle East and Shopping
Conclusion
References
Local Gastronomy: A Tasty Tourist Attraction in Turkey
Introduction
Definition of Terms
Growth of Gastronomic Tourism
Importance of Gastronomic Tourism
Regional Cuisines in Turkey
Marmara Region
Aegean Region
Mediterranean Region
Southeastern Region
Eastern Anatolia
Black Sea Region
Central Anatolia Region
Gastronomic Tourism in Turkey
Wine Tourism in Turkey
Conclusion
References
Geography of Turkish Soap Operas: Tourism, Soft Power, and Alternative Narratives
Introduction
Turkish Soap Operas Abroad
Social Challenges and Alternative Narratives
Conclusion
References
The Role and Potential of Halal Tourism in Turkey
Introduction: Clarifying the Basic Concepts
Islam and Tourism
Halal (Islam-Compliant) Tourism
Dress Code
Privacy and Family
Halal Food Service
Other Requirements of Islam-Compliant Tourism
The Situation of Halal Tourism in Turkey
Conclusion
References
III Assessing Alternative Tourism
Post-Fordism, Alternative Tourism and Sustainability
Alternative Tourism and Post-Fordism
Alternative Tourism and Sustainable Development
Introducing the Chapters
References
Beyond Fordism and Flexible Specialization in Antalya’s Mass-Tourism Economy
Introduction
From Fordism to Flexible Specialization?
Antalya’s Booming Non-Fordist Mass-Tourism
Variety of Tourism Value-Chains from the Netherlands to Antalya
Antalya’s Two Micro-Models of Tourism Capitalism
Very Asymmetric Capital-Labour Relations
Antalya’s Mass-Tourism Growth has Triggered Economic Diversification
Innovations in Antalya’s Hotels and Restaurants
Conclusion
References
An Alternative View of Ecotourism with a Specific Reference to Turkey
Introduction
General Background on the Nature of Ecotourism
Ecotourism in Turkey
Ecotourism as Business
Tourism Accommodations
Transportation
Travel Agencies and Tour Operators
Local Destinations: Mystified, Packaged, and Sold
Ecotourism for Enjoyment and Profit from Local Areas
Conservation and Biodiversity via Ecotourism
Ecotourists as Customers and Users
State as Regulator and Promoter of Ecotourism
Environmental Policy of Tourism and Allied Sectors: Words and Deeds
Academic Interest in and Studies on Ecotourism
Conclusion
References
The Challenges on Sustainability of Alternative Forms of Tourism
Introduction
Sustainability Issues and Expectations from Alternative Tourism
The Case of Bursa: Alternative Tourism Potentials and Challenges
A Tourism Vision of Bursa and the Potentials of Alternative Tourism
Challenges on Sustainability and Alternative Tourism as a Combination of Culture, Nature, and Rural Development: The Case of Cumalikizik
Conclusion
References
Community-Based Tourism as Sustainable Development
Introduction
CBT Projects as Sustainable Development in Turkey
CBT Development in Goreme
CBT as ‘Alternative Tourism’
Conclusion and Implications
References
Public Policy and Sustainable Alternative Tourism
Introduction
What Is Sustainable Development and Sustainable Tourism?
Sustainable Tourism Policy and Planning
Public Policy and Sustainable Alternative Tourism in Turkey
Conclusion
References
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