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Alternative Tourism in Turkey: Role, Potential Development and Sustainability

I Setting the Context Globalization, Mass Tourism, and Sustainable Development Introduction Mass Tourism Tourism and Globalization Technology Economic factors.Political factors.Cultural factors.Environmental factors.Sustainable Development, Sustainability and Sustainable Tourism Introducing the Chapters in Part I References History of Tourism Development in Turkey Introduction Earlier Attempts of Tourism Development Tourism Development During the Planned Era Governance, Mass Tourism, and Sustainability Conclusion References Tourism and Sustainability in Turkey: Negative Impact of Mass Tourism Development Introduction Environmental Problems Water Consumption Water Pollution Impact on Coastal Ecosystems Overconsumption of Other Resources Air, Ground, and Noise Pollution Social Problems Cultural Impact of Mass Tourism Development Economic Benefits Are Fewer Than Claimed Discussion and Conclusions References II Introducing Alternative Tourism Alternative Tourism: Definition and Characteristics Introduction Possible Solutions to Solve the Problems Created by Mass Tourism Alternative Tourism Alternative Tourism in Turkey Introducing the Case Studies References Nature-Based Tourism in Turkey: The Yayla in Turkey’s Eastern Black Sea Region Introduction Global and Turkish Nature-Based Tourism Socio-economic Features of the Black Sea Region Case Study I: Ayder Yayla Case Study II: The Kackar Yayla Conclusion and Suggestions References Geotourism in Turkey Introduction Introducing Turkey Geotourism Development in Turkey and Its Issues Turkey’s Geotourism Resources Mountain Areas Volcanic Features Water Features Other Features National Parks Conclusions References Between Traditional and Modern: Thermal Tourism in Turkey Introduction Conceptual Framework Thermal Tourism in the World Thermal Tourism in Turkey The Past and Present of Thermal Tourism in Turkey The Supply and Demand for Thermal Tourism in Turkey The Future of Thermal Tourism in Turkey Conclusion References Great Potential of the Colourful Cultural Heritage of Turkey: Ethnic Tourism Introduction Historical Background to the Connections of Ethnic Tourism Minorities and Chief Ethnic and Subcultural Groups in the Ethnic Tourism of Turkey Today Main Attractions of Ethnic Tourism Migration-Related Ethnic Origin Visits and Meetings in Turkey Visits by the Exchanged Rums Visits by Jews Visits by Armenians Visits by White Russians Visits by Pomaks Visits to Relatives Festivals and Events as Destinations for Ethnic Tourism Events of Romanies Kakava Festivals Ahirkapi Hidrellez Festival Camel Wrestling Festivals of Yuruks Places in Which Ethnic and Cultural Characteristics Provide Attractiveness in Tourism Macahel (Artvin)The Taurus Mountains and the Kaz Mountains Conclusion References Festivals as a Short-Duration Tourism Attraction in Turkey A Review of Events and Festivals A Contemporary Approach to Festivals An Overlook to Festivals in Turkey Conclusion References Religious Tourism in Turkey Introduction Literature Pilgrimage and Religious Tourism Motivations of Religious Tourists Religious Tourism Market Religious Tourism Potential in Turkey Sacred Places for Christianity Sacred Places for Islam Sacred Places for Judaism Conclusion and Recommendations References Dark Tourism and Its Potential in Turkey Introduction Dark Tourism Definitions The Scope and Perspectives of Dark Tourism Types of Dark Tourism Visitor Motivations Driving Dark Tourism Dark Tourism Potential of Turkey Sinop Prison Museum, Sinop Gallipoli: Cemeteries, Qanakkale The August 17, 1999 Earthquake and Culture Museum, Adapazari Dolmabahge Palace, Istanbul Anitkabir Atattirk Mausoleum and Museum, Ankara Ulucanlar Prison Museum, Ankara Dumlupinar Martyrdom, Ktitahya State Cemetery Museum, Ankara Sakarya Martyrs Victory Monument and Museum, Sakarya Conclusion References Medical Tourism Medical Tourism: What Is and What Is Not?General Overview on Medical Tourism in the World What Is the Current State of Development in Turkey?What Is the Potential for Further Development in the Future?Challenges Conclusion References Shopping and Tourism in Turkey: The Perfect Combination Introduction Tourism and Shopping Shopping Tourism in Turkey Cross-Border Shopping Tourism in Turkey Traditional Shopping Centers Modern Shopping Centers High Street Shopping Mall Tourism Shopping Festivals Tourists from the Middle East and Shopping Conclusion References Local Gastronomy: A Tasty Tourist Attraction in Turkey Introduction Definition of Terms Growth of Gastronomic Tourism Importance of Gastronomic Tourism Regional Cuisines in Turkey Marmara Region Aegean Region Mediterranean Region Southeastern Region Eastern Anatolia Black Sea Region Central Anatolia Region Gastronomic Tourism in Turkey Wine Tourism in Turkey Conclusion References Geography of Turkish Soap Operas: Tourism, Soft Power, and Alternative Narratives Introduction Turkish Soap Operas Abroad Social Challenges and Alternative Narratives Conclusion References The Role and Potential of Halal Tourism in Turkey Introduction: Clarifying the Basic Concepts Islam and Tourism Halal (Islam-Compliant) Tourism Dress Code Privacy and Family Halal Food Service Other Requirements of Islam-Compliant Tourism The Situation of Halal Tourism in Turkey Conclusion References III Assessing Alternative Tourism Post-Fordism, Alternative Tourism and Sustainability Alternative Tourism and Post-Fordism Alternative Tourism and Sustainable Development Introducing the Chapters References Beyond Fordism and Flexible Specialization in Antalya’s Mass-Tourism Economy Introduction From Fordism to Flexible Specialization?Antalya’s Booming Non-Fordist Mass-Tourism Variety of Tourism Value-Chains from the Netherlands to Antalya Antalya’s Two Micro-Models of Tourism Capitalism Very Asymmetric Capital-Labour Relations Antalya’s Mass-Tourism Growth has Triggered Economic Diversification Innovations in Antalya’s Hotels and Restaurants Conclusion References An Alternative View of Ecotourism with a Specific Reference to Turkey Introduction General Background on the Nature of Ecotourism Ecotourism in Turkey Ecotourism as Business Tourism Accommodations Transportation Travel Agencies and Tour Operators Local Destinations: Mystified, Packaged, and Sold Ecotourism for Enjoyment and Profit from Local Areas Conservation and Biodiversity via Ecotourism Ecotourists as Customers and Users State as Regulator and Promoter of Ecotourism Environmental Policy of Tourism and Allied Sectors: Words and Deeds Academic Interest in and Studies on Ecotourism Conclusion References The Challenges on Sustainability of Alternative Forms of Tourism Introduction Sustainability Issues and Expectations from Alternative Tourism The Case of Bursa: Alternative Tourism Potentials and Challenges A Tourism Vision of Bursa and the Potentials of Alternative Tourism Challenges on Sustainability and Alternative Tourism as a Combination of Culture, Nature, and Rural Development: The Case of Cumalikizik Conclusion References Community-Based Tourism as Sustainable Development Introduction CBT Projects as Sustainable Development in Turkey CBT Development in Goreme CBT as ‘Alternative Tourism’Conclusion and Implications References Public Policy and Sustainable Alternative Tourism Introduction What Is Sustainable Development and Sustainable Tourism?Sustainable Tourism Policy and Planning Public Policy and Sustainable Alternative Tourism in Turkey Conclusion References

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Alternative Tourism in Turkey
The Turkish government believes that, in order to spread the benefits of tourism away from the Aegean and Mediterranean coasts to other provinces, it must focus on niche forms of tourism that are based on each province’s individual attractions and resources (Pirnar 1996). This strategy, if successful,...
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Alternative Tourism and Sustainable Development
In a document released a few years ago (Ministry of Culture and Tourism 2007), the government has stated very clearly its ambitions for Turkey to be one of the top five countries in the world in terms of the number of foreign tourists and tourism revenue by 2023. This target, however, would be difficult...
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The Case of Bursa: Alternative Tourism Potentials and Challenges
A Tourism Vision of Bursa and the Potentials of Alternative Tourism Bursa is one of the most developed provinces in Turkey and is located in the Marmara region, which historically was the center of the Ottoman Empire. The industrialization process began in the 1960s, while the importance of Bursa...
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Bursa is one of the most developed provinces in Turkey and is located in the Marmara region, which historically was the center of the Ottoman Empire. The industrialization process began in the 1960s, while the importance of Bursa has increased as one of the major centers related to the export-based development...
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Challenges on Sustainability and Alternative Tourism as a Combination of Culture, Nature, and Rural Development: The Case of Cumalikizik
Cumalikizik is one of the rural settlements on the north slope of Mt. Uludag with its 700 years history, near the industrial city of Bursa. It has become one of the important attractions on the daily visitor route in Bursa. The sustainability of Cumalikizik is important since there is an expectation...
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