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Integrating Human Factors Methods and Systems Thinking for Transport Analysis and Design

Preface WHO SHOULD READ THIS BOOK?WHY SHOULD YOU READ THIS BOOK?HOW TO READ THIS BOOK Systems Thinking in Transport Analysis and Design INTRODUCTION Systems Thinking and Rail Level Crossings UNDERSTANDING THE SYSTEMS THINKING APPROACH Rasmussen's Framework Sociotechnical Systems Theory HOW DOES STS AND THE SYSTEMS THINKING APPROACH APPLY TO RAIL LEVEL CROSSING COLLISIONS?The Rail Level Crossing System Rasmussen's Accident Causation Tenets SYSTEMS THINKING APPLIED: THE CRASH AT KERANG The Individual Perspective A Systems Perspective on Kerang SUMMARY An Overview of Key Human Factors Approaches and Methods INTRODUCTION DATA COLLECTION METHODS FOR UNDERSTANDING HUMAN PERFORMANCE Observation Vehicle Measures Eye Tracking Verbal Protocol Analysis Cognitive Task Analysis Interviews Workload Usability and Subjective Preference Measures DATA COLLECTION METHODS FOR UNDERSTANDING SYSTEM PERFORMANCE Document Review and Analysis Input from Subject-Matter Experts SYSTEMS-FOCUSSED ANALYSIS METHODS Network Analysis Hierarchical Task Analysis Systematic Human Error Reduction and Prediction Approach Cognitive Work Analysis HUMAN FACTORS DESIGN METHODS Scenarios and Stories Personas Inspiration Cards Assumption Crushing Metaphors and Analogies SUMMARY An Integrated Framework for Transport Analysis and Design INTRODUCTION A RESEARCH PROGRAMME UNDERPINNED BY SOCIOTECHNICAL SYSTEMS THEORY THE RESEARCH FRAMEWORK Phase 1 - Data Collection Phase 2 - Existing Systems Analysis Phase 3 - Development of Novel Designs Phase 4 - Evaluation of Designs SUMMARY Section II Rail Level Crossing Data Collection and Analysis Understanding the Factors Influencing User Behaviour INTRODUCTION ON-ROAD STUDIES Participants Instrumented Vehicle Test Routes Data Collection Procedure Data Sources Key Findings Urban Rail Level Crossings Rural Rail Level Crossings COGNITIVE TASK ANALYSIS INTERVIEWS Interview Procedure Data Analysis Key Findings Novice versus Experienced Drivers Urban versus Rural Environments DIARY STUDY Participants Survey Format and Content Key Findings Predictors of Non-Compliant Behaviour Differences between Road Users INPUT FROM SUBJECT-MATTER EXPERTS Key Findings Monitoring Infrastructure Monitoring Road Users Route Knowledge SUMMARY A Systems Analysis of Rail Level Crossings INTRODUCTION CWA OF RAIL LEVEL CROSSING SYSTEMS Analysis Approach Work Domain Analysis Control Task Analysis Contextual Activity Template Decision Ladders Strategies Analysis Social Organisation and Cooperation Analysis Summary of Findings from CWA HTA OF RAIL LEVEL CROSSING SYSTEMS Analysis Approach HTA of Rail Level Crossings SHERPA OF RAIL LEVEL CROSSING SYSTEMS Analysis Approach SHERPA Analysis of Rail Level Crossings SUMMARY Section III Design of New Rail Level Crossing Environments A Participatory Approach to Designing Rail Level Crossings INTRODUCTION PHILOSOPHY UNDERPINNING THE CWA-DT Contrasting Sociotechnical Systems Theory and Traditional Safety Management Approaches APPLICATION OF THE CWA-DT TO RAIL LEVEL CROSSING DESIGN Documentation of Insights from the CWA Outputs Prompting for Insights Insight Prioritisation Design Process Planning Design Tool Selection Idea Generation Workshop Sociotechnical Values Cards Personas The Impossible Challenge Exercise Scenarios Assumption Crushing Metaphorical Design Inspiration Cards Impossible Challenge Revisited Design Concept Definition Design Concept Prioritisation SUMMARY Initial Design Concept Evaluation INTRODUCTION DESIGN EVALUATION WITH CWA Evaluation of Speed, Expectancy, Gap Concept with WDA DESIGN EVALUATION WITH HTA AND SHERPA Evaluation of Speed, Expectancy, Gap Concept with hta and DESIGN EVALUATION AGAINST SOCIOTECHNICAL SYSTEMS THEORY PRINCIPLES KEY RISKS ADDRESSED SUMMARISING THE EVALUATION RESULTS FOR EACH DESIGN CONCEPT COMPARING DESIGNS SUMMARY Design Concept Refinement INTRODUCTION STAKEHOLDER DESIGN REFINEMENT WORKSHOP Design Improvement Review Evaluation and Ranking of Concepts DESIGN PROCESS EVALUATION Participant Reflections on the Participatory Design Process Researcher Reflections on the Participatory Design Process RESEARCHER DESIGN REFINEMENT ACTIVITIES In-Vehicle Interface Design Using EID Principles Generation of Additional Design Concepts FINAL DESIGN CONCEPTS FOR URBAN ENVIRONMENTS Comprehensive Risk Control Crossing Intelligent Level Crossing Community Courtyard Crossing FINAL DESIGN CONCEPTS FOR RURAL ENVIRONMENTS Simple But Strong EID Crossing GPS Average Speed SUMMARY Section IV Evaluation of Design Concepts Simulation-Based Evaluation of Design Concepts INTRODUCTION GENERAL EXPERIMENTAL METHOD Driving Simulator Measures STUDY 1: URBAN DESIGN CONCEPT EVALUATION Participants Study Design Key Findings: Comprehensive Risk Control Crossing Key Findings: Intelligent Level Crossing Key Findings: Community Courtyard Crossing Summary of the Urban Design Evaluation Findings STUDY 2: RURAL DESIGN CONCEPT EVALUATION Participants Study Design Key Findings: Simple But Strong Key Findings: Ecological Interface Design Crossing Key Findings: GPS Average Speed Summary of the Rural Design Evaluation Findings STUDY 3: SCENARIO-BASED EVALUATION Participants Study Design Distraction Scenario System Failure Scenario Key Findings SUMMARY Survey-Based Evaluation of Design Concepts INTRODUCTION SURVEY METHOD DATA ANALYSIS URBAN DESIGN EVALUATIONS Urban Car Drivers Urban Heavy Vehicle Drivers Urban Motorcyclists Urban Cyclists Urban Pedestrians Summary of Responses to Urban Designs RURAL DESIGN EVALUATIONS Rural Car Drivers Rural Heavy Vehicle Drivers Rural Motorcyclists Rural Cyclists Summary of Responses to Rural Designs SUMMARY Summary and Conclusions INTRODUCTION A WHOLE OF LIFE CYCLE HUMAN FACTORS APPROACH RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVING RAIL LEVEL CROSSING SAFETY REFLECTIONS ON THE RESEARCH PROGRAMME Factors Influencing User Behaviour Joint Optimisation of Rail Level Crossing Systems Shifting Paradigms Reflections on Sociotechnical Systems Theory-Based Design FURTHER RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES TO IMPROVE RAIL LEVEL CROSSING SAFETY Field Trials System Simulation and Modelling Cost-Benefit Analysis SUMMARY e Applications and Opportunities INTRODUCTION FURTHER APPLICATIONS IN TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS Improving Intersection Design Responding to the Challenge of Highly Automated Vehicles Additional Rail Safety Applications Maritime Aviation APPLICATIONS BEYOND TRANSPORT Preventing Incidents in Outdoor Education Enhancing Approaches to Cybersecurity Optimising Sports Systems SUMMARY

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Systems Thinking in Transport Analysis and Design
Surface transportation systems, such as road and rail, continue to evolve at a rapid rate of change. This evolution is driven by the ubiquitous introduction of new and advanced technologies, significant increases in the intensity of operations and the presence of diverse types of end users. Although...
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An Integrated Framework for Transport Analysis and Design
In this chapter, we will describe how we integrated the methods described in Chapter 2 to draw upon the strengths of each within an overall systems thinking approach. Although the discipline of human factors is focussed on applied outcomes, relatively few research programmes have involved comprehensive...
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An Overview of Key Human Factors Approaches and Methods
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