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The Organization Ecology of Interest Communities: Assessment and Agenda

The core: Interest organization demography Micro-level processes: Niche theory, adaptation, and survival Implications: Organization ecology and lobbying Overall assessments Notes References Organizational Demography Research in the United States What is organizational demography?Density dependence theory Density dependence theory in political science Density dependence theory and other disciplines Beyond density dependence in sociology and political science Why density dependence theory is important The future of organizational demography in political science Age dependence Organizational transformation Late stage population development and the possibility of resurgence Other directions The nagging data problem Gathering accurate population-level data Conclusion References Interest Organization Demography Research in Europe Counting organizations per type General studies of organizational populations Conclusion Note References Toward a Population Ecology Approach to Transnational Advocacy? An Emerging Research Field Characterizing the research field Bottom-up mapping Top-down mapping Lessons learned and ways forward Conclusion Notes References Challenges of Integrating Levels of Analysis in Interest Group Research The population-level view of interest group politics Challenges to integration Theoretical Empirical Statistical Examples of integrating research Interest group competition Multi-venue lobbying Final thoughts Notes References Organizational Populations: Professionalization, Maintenance and Democratic Delivery Organizational growth and professionalization Professionalization: maintenance and survival Astroturf participation: creating the participation players A dysfunctional democratic market?Conclusions: Professionalize or perish Notes References Case Study Approaches to Studying Organization Survival and Adaptation The struggle to survive in case study research Competing (and cooperating) for resources in a niche Life's a niche and then you die?How the struggle to survive shapes group structure, relationships and activities Internal organizational activities and institutions Interactions with other organizations and individuals Influence in the policy process Evaluating the case study literature and directions for future research The malleability of guilds, niches and environments Empirical scope and focus of case studies The top-down view of organized interests Moving forward with organizational ecology concepts in case studies Conclusion References Lobbying as a Leveraged Act: On Resource Dependencies and Lobby Presence How resource dependencies explain lobby presence Viable resource levels through competitive exclusion Viable resource levels by manipulating the environment Does leverage exist in interest representation?Lobbying as a leveraged act: consequences and implications Why the notion of lobbying as a leveraged act is relevant Note References Louder Chorus - Same Accent: The Representation of Interests in Pressure Politics, 1981-2011 The composition of the pressure system: competing perspectives The Washington Representatives Study The expanding Washington pressure community: 1981-2011 Varying growth rates across categories Changing organizational capacity: manpower and dollars Dollars spent on lobbying The changing distribution of organized interests The changing distribution of organizational capacity: manpower and dollars Conclusion Notes References Interest Community Influence: A Neopluralist Perspective Defining neopluralism Scope and conflict Context and uncertainty Linkages and feedback The contributions of population ecology Context, context, context Agendas and feedbacks Neopluralism, population ecology, and influence Moving forward References Population Dynamics and Representation The EA database The growth of the US associational universe The co-evolution of groups and government Assessing the population ecology approach Future research using population data Notes References The Influence of Organization Ecology Research on Population Ecology of Interest Representation: Present Practices and Future Prospects Organizational ecology: what is it all about?Core methods Defining and delineating populations Population development: density dependence, entry and exit How environments shape populations: selection or adaptation?Organizational ecology and the PE of interest representation The evolution of the organizational ecology literature The role of ecology: theory or metaphor or something else?Identity-based approaches From resource to identity-based space?Building identities from 'categories'Hybridity and category spanning Back to group scholarship Notes References Beyond Metaphor: Populations and Groups, Interests, and Lobbyists Population ecology: Four concerns Metaphor and founding assumptions of PE research on organized interests Aggregation I: the question of populations Populations II: levels of analysis Group organization Lobbying/advocacy/influence Beyond metaphor: opportunities and limitations of PE theory and research Notes References The Future of Organization Ecology in Interest Representation The core: interest organization demography Micro-level processes: niche theory, adaptation, and survival Implications: organization ecology and lobbying Overall assessments Conclusion References

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The Future of Organization Ecology in Interest Representation
David Lowery, Darren R. Halpin, and Virginia Gray Research informed by organization ecology theory, as we have seen throughout this volume, has been extensive in both its application across different kinds of political systems and the several levels of substantive foci it has addressed....
(The Organization Ecology of Interest Communities: Assessment and Agenda)
The Influence of Organization Ecology Research on Population Ecology of Interest Representation: Present Practices and Future Prospects
Darren R. Halpin1 The population ecology (PE) approach to the study of interest representation (see, for instance, Gray and Lowery 1996) gave the sub-field a solid rationale to take an aggregate view of interest organizations, focusing on dynamics at the population level, rather than processes...
(The Organization Ecology of Interest Communities: Assessment and Agenda)
Implications: Organization ecology and lobbying
Beyond influencing the internal structure of interest organizations and their opportunities to survive and thrive, the organization ecology approach suggests that key traits of interest communities influences the selection of both lobbying issues and the lobbying tactics and strategies that interest...
(The Organization Ecology of Interest Communities: Assessment and Agenda)
Interest Community Influence: A Neopluralist Perspective
Beth L. Leech In the United States each year organizations spend about $200 million on federal campaign contributions and more than $3 billion on lobbying the federal government (Center for Responsive Politics 2014a, 2014b). Thousands of businesses and other organizations maintain full-time offices...
(The Organization Ecology of Interest Communities: Assessment and Agenda)
Implications: organization ecology and lobbying
Much of the research that employs a population ecology perspective focuses on issues most clearly associated with the topic of mobilization - how organizations are founded and then survive in resource-limited lobbying communities. But the other great domain of research on interest representation concerns...
(The Organization Ecology of Interest Communities: Assessment and Agenda)
Organization, Team Roles, and Communications
The roles and skill levels of the various people needed to conduct safe flights must be set out in the OM. This will include at least the pilot and the individual in charge of operations (in our practice, these are separate roles since the pilot must be free to focus on the aircraft and not be distracted...
(Small Unmanned Fixed-Wing Aircraft Design. A Practical Approach)
The Role of Faith-Based Organizations (FBOs) as Risk Communicators: Case Study of Bandung, West Java
Farah Mulyasari and Rajib Shaw Abstract Disaster risk communication is a fundamental part of disaster management. Knowing who the senders and receivers of risk information are, what constitutes necessary risk information, and how to appropriately convey risk information to trigger actions...
(Disaster Risk Reduction in Indonesia: Progress, Challenges, and Issues)
The organization of the writers’ community as a linguistic minority : The Santal tribe
Peter B. Andersen, Kumkum Bhattacharya, Ranjit K. Bhattacharya and Boro Baski The Santali language is spoken by more than 6 million people (as of 2001) and is under pressure due to urbanization and the constant influence of the much larger majority languages spoken in northern India. The Santal people...
(Re-Interrogating Civil Society in South Asia: Critical Perspectives from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh)
The political and cultural meaning of the Chinese concepts of "ecological civilization" and "community of common destiny"
In order to evaluate the potential implications of ecological civilization (EC) for global environmental governance, it is important to understand how it has become a central political value within China and how it has been used by China on the global stage. We also must analyze the political and cultural...
(Towards a New Multilateralism: Cultural Divergence and Political Convergence?)
Responsible risk communication: assessing the effects on people and their emotions from a moral perspective
Finally, the third condition for ethically responsible risk communication requires that, when the message has been communicated on a larger scale in society, an outcome evaluation should assess how it is perceived and experienced. Evaluating risk communication is important for reasons of effectiveness...
(Environmental Health Risks: Ethical Aspects)