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The New Political Economy of Pharmaceuticals: Production, Innovation and TRIPS in the Global South

The New Political Economy of Pharmaceuticals: Conformity and Resistance in the Global South A changing strategic environment Surging drug markets in the Global South Government strategies Conformity and alignment Strategies of resistance Compulsory licences Conclusion References The Political Economy of Pharmaceutical Production in Brazil The legal framework for pharmaceuticals Compulsory licences Pipeline patents Ongoing legal conflicts Market liberalization and pharmaceutical regulation Public procurement Introduction of generics The political economy of production: Local pharmaceutical manufacturing Conclusion Notes References Pharmaceuticals, Health Policy and Intellectual Property Rights in China Adoption of TRIPS Economic growth and healthcare reform TRIPS compliance and the demand for prescription drugs TRIPS compliance and the supply of pharmaceutical products Entry of foreign multinational firms Conclusion and policy implications References Immunity to TRIPS? Vaccine Production and the Biotechnology Industry in Cuba The Cuban pharmaceutical sector The Cuban biotechnology sector: Technological maturity prior to TRIPS What makes Cuba distinctive?Local and non-local forms of resistance to TRIPS Localized IPR regimes Non-localized processes Biologicals: Epistemic and material limitations of TRIPS Case studies Conclusion Notes References TRIPS and Access to Medicines in Egypt Egypt's pharmaceutical sector: Background Accessibility and availability of medicines The pricing system The Egyptian pharmaceutical market Pharmaceutical patents granted post-TRIPS Impact of TRIPS on generics producers IPR-related cases before 1 January 2005 Registration of drugs during the transitional phase Multinationals using the back door Making drugs unavailable to push prices up Attack through counter-propaganda Non-IPR factors impeding access to essential medicines The future of pharmaceutical production in Egypt New technologies threatening local pharmaceutical production Research and development in Egypt Technology transfer and consolidated policy framework: The way forward Conclusion References The Pharmaceutical Industry in India after TRIPS Rising dominance of the multinationals Market structure and prices of patented products R&D strategies R&D for new chemical entities Conclusions Notes References The Healthcare System and the Pharmaceutical Industry in Indonesia The Indonesian healthcare system The Indonesian healthcare system and medicines Regulation of drug registration and approval The pharmaceutical industry Unbranded generic medicines Intellectual property rights The Indonesian virus case Conclusion References TRIPS, Free Trade Agreements and the Pharmaceutical Industry in Malaysia Financing the healthcare system The Malaysian pharmaceutical industry Intellectual property rights, TRIPS and free trade agreements Compulsory licensing Domestic pharmaceutical production and government regulation Pricing and distribution of essential medicines The domestic generics industry Conclusion References The Pharmaceutical Industry, Intellectual Property Rights and Access to Medicines in Pakistan The health system Social protection and medical reimbursement National health policy The pharmaceutical industry Medicines regulation Medicines pricing The local generics pharmaceutical industry National drug policy Intellectual property rights and medicines Free trade agreements and the pharmaceutical industry Concluding remarks References TRIPS, Access to Medicines and Local Production in South Africa Access to healthcare in South Africa Intellectual property protection in South Africa—the background The constitutional framework Components of South Africa's patent regime Patent standards New uses of an invention Industrial applicability Opposition procedures Exclusions from patentability Compulsory licensing Government use Voluntary licences Parallel importation Revocation of patent Competition law Data protection Summary The pharmaceutical sector in South Africa Shape and size Post-TRIPS prospects Conclusion References TRIPS and New Challenges for the Pharmaceutical Sector in South Korea The healthcare system in South Korea Intellectual property protection in South Korea Patentability Compulsory licensing Parallel importation Anti-trust law TRIPS-plus Data exclusivity Patent linkage The pharmaceutical sector in South Korea Shape and size Post-TRIPS prospects Conclusion References Neoliberalism, Intellectual Property Rights and the Turkish Pharmaceutical Industry in the 2000s Neoliberal restructuring and new IPR in Turkey Neoliberal restructuring in the pharmaceutical industry in the 2000s Neoliberal healthcare reform and the pharmaceutical sector R&D activities in the generics sector Conclusion Notes References Interviews

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