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Inflammatory Disorders of the Nervous System: Pathogenesis, Immunology, and Clinical Management

Emerging Roles of Endothelial Cells in Multiple Sclerosis Pathophysiology and Therapy Normal BBB Anatomy and Physiology Transport Across the BBB Adherens Junctions in BBB Tight Junctions in BBB Other Junctional Components Cerebral Endothelial Junctional Disorganization in MS Metabolic and Hypoxic Disturbances of CNS in MS Endothelial Energy Metabolism Endothelial Microparticles Endothelial Targets in MS Therapy Interferon-p Chemokines Endothelial Cells Represent Important Targets in MS Natalizumab (Tysabri™)Tecfidera Fingolimod Cytokines and Chemokines in Endothelial Pathogenesis of MS Abnormal Flow and MS Pathophysiology References Multiple Sclerosis: Clinical Features, Immunopathogenesis, and Treatment History Clinical Features of Multiple Sclerosis Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis Prognosis Neuroimaging in Multiple Sclerosis Other Laboratory Measures Epidemiology Pathology of Multiple Sclerosis Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Myelin Biochemistry Immunology Interleukin-17 and Type 17 Helper T Cells Adhesion Molecules Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis Symptomatic Treatment Mobility Treatment of Acute Exacerbations Reduction of Multiple Sclerosis Exacerbations and Disability Future Directions in Treatment Rehabilitation References HIV Infection of Human Nervous System Neurologic Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Treatment Clinical Manifestations Acute Seroconversion: CD4+ Lymphocyte Count >500/mm3 HIV-Associated Neurologic Manifestations: CD4+ Lymphocyte Count 200-500/mm3 AIDS-Related Neurologic Complications at CD4+ Lymphocyte Other AIDS-Related Neurologic Manifestations Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders Headache in HIV Patients Sleep Disturbances in HIV-Infected Patients Etiology of Neurologic Manifestations in HIV Neuropathology Epidemiology Prevention Differential Diagnosis Diagnostic Workup Treatment References Central Nervous System Vasculitis: Immunopathogenesis, Clinical Aspects, and Treatment Options Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System (PACNS) Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome (RCVS) Giant Cell (Temporal) Arteritis Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN) Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA)-Associated CNS Vasculitis Takayasu Disease Neuro-Behcet's Disease Cogan's Syndrome Susac Syndrome Cryoglobulinemia-Associated CNS Vasculitis CNS Vasculitis in Association with Connective Tissue Disorders Infection-Related CNS Vasculitis Neoplastic-Related CNS Vasculitis References Neurosarcoidosis: Clinical Features, Pathogenesis, and Management Epidemiology Clinical Manifestations Sleep Disorders in Neurosarcoidosis Patients Neuropathology Microscopic Appearance Differential Diagnosis Diagnosis Treatment References Cell-Derived Microparticles/Exosomes in Neuroinflammation Fundamentals and Terminology Introduction Terminologies Exosomes: Distinctly Different?Functions, Old and New Formation and Fate MP in Neuroinflammation: Findings from the Authors' Group Introduction MP in Vascular Dementia Early Findings on MP in Multiple Sclerosis (MS)MP-Associated Bioactive Agents in Neuroinflammation Micro-RNA (miRNA)Cytokines Matrix Metaloproteinases (MMPs)Heat Shock Proteins (HSP)MP as Immune Complex (IC) and Complement Bioactive Lipids Cell-Cell Signals ("Cross Talk")Recent Advances: MP in Selected Neuroinflammatory States MP in Brain Injury and Neurovascular Dysfunction MP and Infectious Diseases of the CNS Multiple Sclerosis (MS)Miscellaneous Others MP in Protein-Misfolding Diseases Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)MP, a-Synuclein, and Parkinson's Disease (PD)Therapeutic Strategies Involving MP Therapeutic MP/Exosomes Crossing the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)Statin Therapy and Hypothesis Stem Cell-Derived MP/Exosomes Inhibition of Complement (C) System Concluding Comments References Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis: Clinical Features, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management Clinical Features Immunopathogenesis and Neuropathology Diagnosis Clinical Management MS Versus ADEM References Autoimmune Encephalitis: Clinical Features, Pathophysiology, and Treatment History Epidemiology Pathophysiology and Clinical Presentation Diagnostic Approach Treatment and Outcome Summary References Neuromyelitis Optica: Immunopathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatments Immunopathophysiology Clinical Features Investigations Diagnosis and Prognosis Treatment References Immunopathogenesis and Treatment of Guillain-Barre Syndrome and Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS)Pathology Immunopathogenesis Animal Models Treatment of GBS Supportive Treatment Respiratory care Dysautonomia Immunomodulatory Treatments Plasma Exchange (PLEX)Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG)Oncoming Treatments Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP)Clinical Manifestations CIDP Variants Pathology Immunopathogenesis Cellular Immunity Humoral Immunity Animal Models Treatment Corticosteroids Intravenous Immunoglobulins (IVIG)Plasma Exchange (PLEX)Other Treatments Supportive Therapies References Myasthenia Gravis: Clinical Features, Immunology, and Therapies Epidemiology Pathogenesis Effector Mechanisms of Anti-AChR Antibodies (Anti-AChR Abs)Role of CD4+ T Cells in MG Role of CD4+ T-Cell Subtypes and Cytokines in MG and EAMG (Experimental Autoimmune MG)Other Autoantigens in MG Immunological Test Clinical Feature Clinical Classification Diagnosis Serological Testing Electrophysiological Tests Management Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors Short-Term Immunomodulating Therapies Plasma Exchange (PE)Intravenous Immunoglobulin Therapy (IVIg)Corticosteroids Nonsteroidal Immunosuppressive Agents Surgical Management Prognosis Congenital Myasthenic Syndromes Diagnosis/Testing Management Genetic Counseling The Future and Myasthenia References Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies Dermatomyositis Polymyositis Inclusion Body Myositis Immune-Mediated Necrotizing Myopathy Treatment of Inflammatory Myopathies Treatment of Inclusion Body Myositis Summary References The Venous Connection: The Role of Veins in Neurodegenerative Disease Context Veins and Neurodegeneration Regulation of the Intracranial Fluids Intracranial Pulsatility CSF Pulsatility, Ventricular Reflux and Periventricular Changes Discussion References

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