Agents of National Governments in Internal Affairs

National governments also have agencies and agents that work internally to maintain law and order; they also face social media warfare challenges. In totalitarian nations, many agencies focus on controlling banned discourse and quashing debate and civil disobedience. This is evident in the lack of freedoms that such nations have—most lack an independent judiciary—and in the way agencies harass, question, arrest, and summarily prosecute offenders.

Nations with a greater respect for civil liberties still face some rather nasty social media warfare campaigns from dissidents, but they do so primarily within the laws of a civil society. Just as such nations manage their international relations, internal relations and social order is supported through the use of social media applications and social media warfare strategies and tactics. Law enforcement agencies in most countries are known to patrol social media postings and activity to prevent crime and terrorism. This is covered in Chapter 15, “Monitoring Social Media Warfare Threats,” and Chapter 13, “Law Enforcement Response to Social Media Warfare.” Social media has become an essential tool in designated agency communications efforts. Again, such agencies employ all the social media warfare tactics of self-validation, influence, reinforcement, persuasion of non-aligned entities, recruitment and indoctrination, and relationship building.

The U.S. federal government interacts with segments of the population and organizations operating inside its national borders through over fifty different government agencies. Each agency serves a specific purpose and all of them increasingly rely on social media applications to accomplish their missions of validation, influence, reinforcement, persuasion, recruitment and indoctrination, and relationship building. As with agencies involved in international relations, OCSIT plays a leading role in expanding and promoting the use of social media applications by government agencies. These agencies include

? Administration for Children and Families (ACF)
? Administration for Community Living
? Administration for Native Americans
? Administration on Aging (AOA)
? Administration on Developmental Disabilities
? Advisory Council on Historic Preservation
? Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
? Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau
? Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives Bureau
? AmeriCorps
? Antitrust Division
? Archives (National Archives and Records Administration) (NARA)
? Army Corps of Engineers
? Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Interagency Coordinating Committee

? Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection
? Bureau of Indian Affairs
? Bureau of Industry and Security
? Bureau of Land Management
? Bureau of Prisons
? Bureau of Reclamation
? Bureau of the Census
? Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
? Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)
? Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS)
? Commission of Fine Arts
? Commission on Civil Rights
? Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS)
? Community Planning and Development
? Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
? Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC)
? Coordinating Council on Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
? Customs and Border Protection
? Department of Agriculture (USDA)
? Department of Commerce (DOC)
? Department of Education (ED)
? Department of Energy (DOE)
? Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
? Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
? Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
? Department of the Interior (DOI)
? Department of Justice (DOJ)
? Department of Labor (DOL)
? Department of Transportation (DOT)
? Department of the Treasury
? Department of Veterans Affairs (VA)
? Drug Enforcement Administration
? Education Resources Information Center (ERIC)
? Election Assistance Commission (EAC)
? Employee Benefits Security Administration (EBSA)
? Employment and Training Administration
? Endangered Species Program
? Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
? Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
? Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity (FHEO)
? Farm Credit Administration
? Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
? Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

? Federal Citizen Information Center
? Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
? Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
? Federal Election Commission
? Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
? Federal Highway Administration
? Federal Housing Administration (FHA)
? Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA)
? Federal Railroad Administration (FRA)
? Federal Reserve System
? Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
? Federal Transit Administration (FTA)
? Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS)
? Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
? Forest Service
? Geological Survey (USGS)
? Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
? Marshals Service
? Minority Business Development Agency
? Mississippi River Commission
? National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
? National Cancer Institute (NCI)
? National Credit Union Administration
? National Endowment for the Arts
? National Endowment for the Humanities
? National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP)
? National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
? National Guard
? National Health Information Center (NHIC)
? National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
? National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
? National Institutes of Health (NIH)
? National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health
? National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
? National Interagency Fire Center
? National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)
? National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
? National Park Service
? National Railroad Passenger Corporation (AMTRAK)
? National Science Foundation (NSF)
? National Telecommunications and Information Administration
? National Transportation Safety Board
? National Weather Service

? Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
? Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
? Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission
? Office for Civil Rights, Department of Education
? Office of Elementary and Secondary Education (OESE)
? Office of Fossil Energy
? Office of Refugee Resettlement
? Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services (OSERS)
? Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC)
? Postal Service (USPS)
? Railroad Retirement Board (RRB)
? Rural Business and Cooperative Programs
? Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
? Selective Service System (SSS)
? Small Business Administration (SBA)
? Smithsonian Institution
? Social Security Administration (SSA)
? Southeastern Power Administration
? Tennessee Valley Authority
? Transportation Security Administration (TSA)
? United States Postal Service
? Western Area Power Administration
? White House
? Women’s Bureau (Labor Department)

When federal agencies are working to build relationships with organizations and individual citizens within the United States, their approach to social media content, delivery, and services varies depending on their overall mission. Some agencies provide access to services, others primarily provide access to information. Some agencies serve the general public, while others are more specialized. All federal agencies have posted at least some material on their websites that explain their social media strategies.

The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), for example, uses social media tools to transform the way the agency serves customers and American citizens. Social media tools help the nation’s record keeper to preserve government records and make them more accessible to citizens, researchers, and archivists. The NARA social media strategy is based on six core values:

? Collaboration: Together as one NARA and as partners with the public to accomplish its mission
? Leadership: Out in front among government agencies and cultural institutions
? Initiative: An agency of leaders who are passionate, innovative, and responsible

? Diversity: Making NARA a great place to work by respecting diversity and all voices
? Community: Caring about and focusing on the government community, citizen archivists, and each other
? Openness: Creating an open NARA with authentic voices [12]

Another example is the U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA), which is the leading federal government organization charged with providing financial support for a wide variety of citizens. The social media strategy of the SSA is as complex as any in the world. The SSA is a centralized agency (no bureaus or departments) and has a centralized information technology (IT) environment that supports the automation of major aspects of the agency’s core mission. SSA’s organizational structure provides clear areas of responsibility for the various aspects of digital services, including hiring, acquisitions, and so on. The agency provides multiple secure delivery channels for its services, including telephone, online, formal data exchanges, Web services (machine to machine), and mobile services. SSA offers many electronic services to third parties, including those in the private and public sector. It also provides government-to-government services and electronic data exchanges with the U.S. military, federal, state, local, and foreign agencies [13].

Agents of National Governments in Internal Affairs

Agents of National Governments in International Relations

Development of codes of governance and international comparisons

Messages in Terms of Corporate Governance and Internal Control

Trust in National Governments in Africa

National, Regional and International Policy and Accountability

Catalytic legal strategies that civil society and distinct communities of commoners, governments, and international intergovernmental bodies can pursue to validate, protect, and support ecological commons.

Professional Reporting and Internal Affairs Investigations

Multilayered Governance in International Financial Regulation and Supervision

C. Disciplining national monopolies through international currency competition