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Advances in Carbon Management Technologies: Carbon Removal, Renewable and Nuclear Energy

Introduction Only Emissions of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) Can Account for the Warming Experienced Since the Industrial Revolution The Heat Added by Anthropogenic Emissions of GHGs is Already Yielding Major Impacts, with More to Come There is the Danger of a Runaway Situation if Warming occurs Too Rapidly and Activates Tipping Points Associated with Amplifying Feedbacks Growing Global Emissions, the Result of a Growing Population Demanding an Expanding Array of Resource Intensive Goods and Services Each Country Has a Unique GHG Emission Trajectory and Mitigation Challenge Greenhouse Gas Emissions are Associated with All Energy, Industrial and Agricultural/Land Use Sectors Major Emission Mitigation from All Sectors and GHGs is Required Immediately in Order to Have a Chance of Meeting International Targets Emerging Technologies Will need to be Available and Extensively Utilized if Global Warming Target Levels Stand a Chance of Being Achieved Technology RD&D is Woefully Inadequate Geoengineering Options should be Studied Conclusions References Section 1: Global and Regional Views of Carbon Management Removing Carbon Dioxide from the Air to Stabilise the Climate Introduction Technologies for Capturing Carbon Dioxide from Air Capture by photosynthesis Capture by abiotic sorbent Storing the Captured Carbon Dioxide Plants on land (schemes la, lb, 2)Soil (schemes 3, 4, 5)Above ground as mineral (schemes 6, 7)Below ground as mineral (schemes 8, 9)Below ground as compressed carbon dioxide (schemes 10,11)Ocean (schemes 12,13,14,15)Human environment (schemes 16,17,18)Storage longevity, monitoring and verification Energy Considerations in Direct Air Capture Reversible work of separation Energy requirements in DACprocess plant Chimney stack exit penalty Choice of solvent and cost of DAC DAC: Meeting the energy demand Pointers to Policy Appendix Al. Process calculations A 2. Cost estimates References Low-Carbon Technologies in Global Energy Markets Introduction Economic Context Income for energy Energy consumption Decarbonization of Economies Resource composition Carbon dioxide emissions Valorization Energy services Indicators of valorizations Emerging markets Conclusions Acknowledgment References Carbon Management: Forest Conservation and Management Introduction The Importance of Forests in the Mitigation of Climate Change Policies, Initiatives and Regulations of Sustainable Forest Management International policies, regulations and conventions National policies and regulations Forestry labelling and certification programmes Emergent Timber Technologies Cross-laminated timber (CLT)Laminated veneer lumber (LVL)Glued laminated timber (Glulam)Oriented strand board (OSB)Prefabricated composite structures Engineered Timber Case Studies Timber and Timber Products for Carbon Management Conclusion References Reducing Carbon Footprint of Products (CFP) in the Value Chain A Systemic Description of a Product and its Value Chain The LCA-Methodology and Classification of Emissions Goal and scope definition Inventory analysis Impact assessment Interpretation The Standards for PCR, EPD and CFP The CFP-stanclarcl Quantification of the CFP CFP goals and scope CFP inventory analysis CFP impact assessment CFP interpretation Case Study—Galvanised Steel Staircase Technical information System boundaries Cut-off rules and allocation Data assumptions Electricity mix Carbon Footprint of the Product (CFP)CFP as an Instrument for Reducing Carbon Footprint in the Value Chain of a System Concluding Remarks References Significance of Greenhouse Gas Measurement for Carbon Management Technologies Introduction The Atmosphere, Quantities, Measurements and Standards Quantities and units Radiative physics, atmospheric warming, and greenhouse gas measurements Global atmospheric greenhouse gas observations Greenhouse gas mole fraction standards—Histoty and methods Assessing Measurement System Performance Needs IPCC Inventory Reporting Methodologies Quantification technologies and methods Direct emissions measurement—continuous emissions monitoring technology Comparing fuel calculation and CEMs measurements Flue gas flow rate measurement Atmospheric Measurement of Greenhouse Gas Fluxes Greenhouse gas dynamics in the global atmosphere Urban and regional greenhouse gas emissions and observing networks Measuring Mole Fraction of Atmospheric Greenhouse and Trace Gases Infrared spectroscopy Spectroscopic mole fraction analyzer designs Remote sensing of mole fraction Surface-based instruments Trace gas and energy flux measurement at micro-meteorological scales Mass balance and tracer gas methods for emissions determination High Spatial Density Greenhouse Gas Observing Networks—The INFLUX Example International Engagement Summary Acknowledgements References Section 2: Fossil Sector: Coal/Petroleum/Natural Gas Carbon Policies for Reducing Emissions in Power Plants through an Optimization Framework Introduction Carbon Policies through Optimization Approaches Carbon Policies in the Optimal Design of Power Plants Involving Chemical Looping Combustion and Algae Systems Model formulation Results Carbon Policies in the Optimal Design of Water Distribution Networks Involving Power-Desalination Plants Model formulation Results Conclusions References Suggested Further Reading Carbon Mitigation in the Power Sector: Challenges and Opportunities Introduction The fossil fuel dilemma Innovation Timeline Technologies in Play Technology innovations impacting carbon emissions CO, reversals and economic output The Current Low Carbon Power Portfolio Carbon capture and CO, reduction Alternatives: Oxy-fnel combustion Ultimate challenge—The final fate of CO,Looking Forward Longer term References The Environmental Impact of Implementing CO2 Capture Process in Power Plants: Effect of Type of Fuel and Energy Demand Introduction CO, Capture Technologies and Life Cycle Assessment Pre-combustion capture Oxyfuel combustion Post-combustion capture Life cycle assessment Methodology Results Case study 1: carbon capture scenarios, at constant fuel flow Study case 2: carbon capture and scenarios, at specified energy production Conclusions References Systems Integration Approaches to Monetizing CO2 via Integration of Shale Gas Waste Mineralization Introduction Problem Statement and Approach Waste source considerations Brine water as a solution Analysis Waste evaluation The two-step approach Reaction modelling Leaching waste cement Leaching fly ash Leaching steelmaking slag Ammonium salts Carbonation of leached calcium Defined project ejficiencies Simulation Results The teacher The carbonation vessel The crusher Filters and recycle Solvent considerations Results and Discussion Utilities Fly ash process evaluation Waste cement evaluation Steelmaking slag evaluation Fixed capital and investment return Concluding Remarks References Energy-Water-CO2 Nexus of Fossil Fuel Based Power Generation Introduction Watershed Activities Thermoelectric power generation Mining of fossil resources Farming Miscellaneous activities Supply of ecosystem services Potential CO, conversion technologies Potential renewable electricity sources Potential land use changes Results and Discussion Base case analysis Technological alternatives Technology> options for fuel and power generation Cooling technology’ options CO, conversion technology options Renewable power generation technology options Agroecological alternatives Tillage practice options Available land use change options Solutions to improve watershed sustainability Conclusions Acknowledgment References Natural Gas Reforming to Industrial Gas and Chemicals Using Chemical Looping Introduction Chemical Looping Reforming for Syngas Production Fluidized bed chemical looping reforming Moving bed chemical looping reforming for syngas production Solar Thermal Chemical Looping Reforming (SoCLR)Chemical Looping Reform for Selective Oxidation of Methane Chemical Looping Oxidative Coupling of Methane (CLOCM)Selective partial oxidation of CH4 (SPOM) to formaldehyde (HCHO)Conclusion References Alternative Pathways for CO2 Utilization via Dry Reforming of Methane Introduction Methodology Followed Estimation of equilibrium composition Energy balance calculations LCA approach Performance Results Comparison of syngas ratio Comparison of energy’ requirements Comparison of carbon formation tendency CARGEN—Co-production of syngas and carbon black DRM+COSORB—Post DRM syngas ratio adjustment Carbon footprint and operating cost comparisons for proposed processes Conclusions Acknowledgements References Ranking Negative Emissions Technology Options under Uncertainty Introduction Brief Overview of NETs Interval SAW Comparison of NET Options Implications for the Role of CDR/NETs in Large-Scale Carbon Management Conclusion Declaration of Conflict of Interest Acknowledgement Appendix A—List of Acronyms Appendix В—LINGO Code for Interval SAW Appendix C—LINGO Code for Sensitivity Analysis with Respect to Criteria Weights References Carbon Management in the CO2-Rich Natural Gas to Energy Supply-Chain Introduction Carbon capture format routes I. 2 Carbon capture in the oil and gas sector Scope and structure Natural Gas Decarbonation with Absorption Benefits and shortcomings Recent focus Natural Gas Decarbonation with Membrane Permeation Benefits and shortcomings Recent focus Natural Gas Decarbonation with Cryogenic Distillation Benefits and shortcomings Recent focus Natural Gas Decarbonation with Adsorption Benefits and shortcomings Recent focus Natural Gas Decarbonation with Gas Liquid Membrane Contactors Benefits and shortcomings Recent focus Natural Gas Decarbonation with Supersonic Separators Benefits and shortcomings Recent focus Natural Gas Decarbonation with Hybrid Technologies CA/PA-MP and MP-CA/PA CA-ADS and PA-ADS (CA/PA-ADS)CD-MP SS-SS and SS-MP Technology Readiness Level and Research Status in Natural Gas Decarbonation Post-Combustion CO, Capture CA/PA CD ADS GLMC SS Offshore Power Generation CO, Transportation CO, Conversion to Methanol in FPSO Final Remarks Acknowledgements Abbreviations and Acronyms References Chemicals from Coal: A Smart Choice Introduction Fossil Fuel Resources Coal gasification and synthesis gas production Synthesis Gas Utilization Methanol Methanol production economics Methanol derivatives Coal-to-Methanol-to-Olefins: Processes and Catalysts Lurgi MTP process l/OP/HYDRO MTOprocess Integration ofCTL/GTL with CTO/GTO Conclusions References Optimal Planning of Biomass Co-Firing Networks with Biochar-Based Carbon Sequestration Introduction Problem Statement Model Nomenclature Model Formulation Case Study Conclusions Acknowledgement Appendix—LINGO Code References Trends in Transportation Greenhouse Gas Emissions Introduction Transportation Demand and Mode Choice for Personal Mobility Mode Shifts Light Duty Vehicle Fuels and Technology Life Cycle Perspective Heavy Duty Vehicles Electrification and Transportation Bus Transit Eco-Driving Air Conditioning Rail Shipping Aircraft Policy Options References Section 3: Wind/Solar/Hydro/Nuclear Nuclear Energy, the Largest Source of CO2 Free Energy: Issues and Solutions Introduction The Nuclear Process Carbon Emissions from Various Energy Sources Нолу Nuclear Energy Can Assist in the Reduction of GHG Emissions Safety Concerns Waste Concerns Why Should Nuclear be Used?Advances in Nuclear Technology Conclusion References Concentrated Solar Energy-Driven Multi-Generation Systems Based on the Organic Rankine Cycle Technology Introduction Power Generation Thermodynamic analysis Power, Fresh Water Generation and Heating Power, Cooling and Heating Design Considerations Solar irradiation data Solar collector field and thermal energy storage Organic Rankine cycle power system and other sub-systems Load characteristics System configuration and control Cost Concluding Remarks Acknowledgement Nomenclature Greek symbols Subscripts Abbreviations References Solar Photovoltaic Technologies and Systems Introduction Renewable Energy Resources Classification of Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) Technologies Solar Resources Photovoltaic Materials and Device Electrical Characteristics of Solar Cells Solar Photovoltaic Technology Solar Photovoltaic Systems Conclusion References Reducing the Carbon Footprint of Wind Energy: What Can Be Learned from Life-Cycle Studies?Introduction Which Phase of a Wind Turbine’s Life Cycle Produces the Greatest CO,-e Emissions?Which Turbine Material Generates the Most CO,-e Emissions during Manufacturing?How can CO, Emissions from Steel Manufacturing for Turbine Parts be Reduced?What Other Factors can Reduce Turbine CO,-e Emissions?Turbine design Turbine size Turbine lifetime Wind farm location and layout Manufacturing location End-of-life recycling Conclusions and Recommendations References Hydropower: A Low-Carbon Power Source Introduction and Summary Hydropower History and Status Today Historical development Status today Main Components of Hydropower System Structure of a hydropower plant Classification of hydropower projects Run-of-river (RoR) hydropower plants Storage hydropower plants Pumped-Storage Hydropower plants (PSH)In-stream (hydrokinetic) hydropower plants Hydropower Resources—Overview How to compute hydropower generation potential Definition of hydropower potential Global and regional hydropower potential Cost Issues Sustainability Issues Integration into Water Management System Integration into Broader Power System Future Deployment of Hydropower References

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Significance of Greenhouse Gas Measurement for Carbon Management Technologies
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