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Lag structure

As common for longitudinal analyses we assume that the independent variable affects the dependent variable immediately and with a certain delay. This relation is included in our model through a lag structure where we compare the respective time values of the DV with several different time values of the IV. This approach helps in this case to account for the time-dependent influence of policy measures on investor behaviour (Angrist & Pischke, 2008; Wooldridge et al., 2009). We decided to introduce a lag structure with a lag of the policy effectiveness within zero to three years (i.e. investments in capacity in year _t are influenced by policy measures in years _t,_t-i,_t-2,_t-3). This means policies could have a direct effect on investor decisions or it could take up to three years for a policy to trigger a capacity addition. On the one hand, it is possible that investors anticipate the regulation and already have their projects ready when it is passed, as the regulatory process is mostly open. On the other hand, there are factors delaying the investment process such as the time needed to build the wind farm or solar park and to gain access to the grid. In general, changes in regulations evolve throughout time and are communicated prior to them being passed and set active.

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Currently, China’s social structure lags behind its economic structure by about 15 years
According to the study of our research group, China’s current social structure is still at the primary level of industrial societies, whereas the economic structure has already reached the intermediate level of industrial societies. After comparison and calculation, we come to the conclusion that China’s...
(Social Construction and Social Development in Contemporary China)
Structure of Additive Problems
To help students make sense of additive inverse relations, a teacher must also understand typical structures of additive problems. Table 2.1 is taken from the Common Core State Standards (NGAC & CCSSO, 2010) and summarizes the common structures of additive problems. As seen from Table 2.1, each row contains...
(Teaching Early Algebra through Example-Based Problem Solving: Insights from Chinese and U.S. Elementary Classrooms)
Structure of Multiplication Problems
There are three major multiplication structures suggested by the Common Core: equal groups, array/area, and comparison (see Table 3.1, NGAC & CCSSO, 2010). Table 3.2 illustrates these problem structures using diagrams. Among these three models, the equal groups model is the most basic one because the...
(Teaching Early Algebra through Example-Based Problem Solving: Insights from Chinese and U.S. Elementary Classrooms)
Changes in institutional structure and culture
HERS can be viewed as a surveillance mechanism that creates an environment where pressures are sometimes explicit but often subtle. Universities are forced to pay attention to numerous details, producing statistics that become routine, thus internalising outside control (Espeland & Sauder, 2007). Furthermore...
(The Impact of Higher Education Ranking Systems on Universities)
More pull: implications emanating from contemporary' changes to governance structures in the US and Europe
Currently the US and UK are still widely regarded as the leading providers of higher education (TES Global Ltd., 2017) in the world and, as mentioned earlier, they are also regarded as the top destinations for international undergraduate and postgraduate students (PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, 2015). However,...
(The Impact of Higher Education Ranking Systems on Universities)
The Colonial Phase: Shifting Structures and Deconsecration
The second phase of literary translations into Swahili occurred from 1867 to 1960, when German rule, the British mission in Zanzibar, and eventually British rule dominated the social and political structures of the Swahili-speaking area. Missionary and colonial translations coexisted with local translation...
(African Perspectives on Literary Translation)
National Structures, Global Frameworks
In one of the first examinations of how nations deal with popular music in policy terms, Cloonan (2007) articulates a gradual shift from “benign” to “promotional” policies in the United Kingdom. For Britain, a series of business/industry initiatives was favoured over the “soft” instruments...
(The Music Export Business)
Cluster Structure and Activities
Hamburg Aviation is a cluster, in terms of spatial agglomeration of related sectors, but also, in terms of CO. Today’s cluster HAv e.V. understood as registered association with the proper cluster management, was bom in 2011, but the Hamburg Aviation Initiative was set up, previously, in 2001. The...
(Clusters, Digital Transformation and Regional Development in Germany)
Rapid information sharing and network structures
A defining feature of the digital media environment is its ability to concentrate attention even while fragmented (Hindman 2018). Thus, some concerns about misinformation are related to digital media’s vast and instantaneous reach. Low reproduction costs, network structures, and peer-to-peer sharing...
(The Routledge Companion to Media Disinformation and Populism)